ASTM_D_3016_-_97_2010.pdf

Designation:D301697(Reapproved 2010)Standard Practice forUse of Liquid Exclusion Chromatography Terms andRelationships1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3016;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONLiquid exclusion chromatography(LEC)began as“gel filtration chromatography”which isattributed to Porath and Flodin.2With the invention of new column packings by Moore3fororganic-phase work a new form of LEC developed which commonly became known as gel permeationchromatography or GPC.Liquid exclusion chromatography is a form of liquid chromatography(someother forms being partition,ion-exchange,and adsorption)and as such is the preferred name for thetechnique;however,the reader must be aware that other names are common in the literature,the mostprevalent being those cited above.LEC differs from all other chromatographic techniques in that onlythe exclusion mechanism may be operative if meaningful data are to result.Most other chromato-graphic mechanisms operate in essentially the opposite way,that is,with small molecules exiting first.Any combination of mechanisms causes confusion and is misleading.Liquid exclusion chromatography as used for the analysis of polymers has grown and matured sincethe first issuance of this practice in 1972.Therefore,some infrequently used or“outdated”terms havebeen deleted and some modern practices(or terms)have been included.Modern developments includethe use of constant-volume pumps,use of“microparticle”column packings and much smallercolumns,and automated data-handling procedures.In addition,SI units as recommended in ASTMStandard IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for Metric Practice are now used.1.Scope1.1 This practice covers the definitions of terms and sym-bols most often used in liquid exclusion chromatography.Wherever possible,these terms and symbols are consistentwith those used in other chromatographic techniques.4Asadditional terms and relationships are developed,they will beincorporated.NOTE1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units(SI):The Modern Metric System53.Apparatus Definitions3.1 absolute detectorsdevices that sense and measure theabsolute concentration or other physical property of solutecomponents contained in the eluate.3.2 by-pass or loop injectorthe injector most common inliquid exclusion chromatography and which utilizes a samplechamber that can be filled with sample while it is temporarilyexternal to the flowing liquid stream.It can be manipulated bymeans of a valving device to sweep the sample with eluent intothe column.3.3 collection devicesdevices used to collect discrete por-tions of an eluate according to a preset cycle(for example,times,volume,etc.).1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.70 on Analytical Methods.Current edition approved Jan.1,2010.Published January 2010.Originallyapproved in 1972.Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D3016 97(2003).DOI:10.1520/D3016-97R10.2Porath,J.,and Flodin,P.,Nature,NTRWA,Vol 183,1959,p.1657.3Moore,J.C.,Journal of Polymer Science,JPYAA,Part A,Vol 2,1964,p.835.4Journal of Gas Chromatography,JCHSB,Vol 66,1968.5For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.4 column end-fittingsdevices that prevent the columnpacking from passing through them but which are permeable tothe eluent(solvent or solution).3.5 columnstubes that contain the column packing.3.6 detectorsdevices that sense and measure the concen-tration or other physical property of solute components in thesolution(eluate)passing through.3.7 differential detectorsdevices that sense and measurethe difference in a physical or chemical property between asolution(solvent containing solute components)and a refer-ence liquid(for example,solvent alone).3.8 direct injectora device for introducing a sample froma source external to the column directly onto the column(forexample,septum-syringe injector).3.9 pumpany device that causes mobile phase to flowthrough the columns.3.10 sample inlet systema means of introducing samplesonto the column.4.Reagent Definitions4.1 column packingthe stationary phase which consists ofmicroporous material and the stationary liquid phase containedin the pores.4.2 eluatethe liquid emerging from the column.4.3 eluentthe mobile phase or solvent used to sweep orelute the sample(solute)com