ASTM_D_4056_-_21.pdf

Designation:D405621Standard Test Method forEstimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon andAliphatic Ester Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4056;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating theequilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbonand aliphatic ester lubricants,at temperatures between 277 Kand 373 K.The test method is limited to liquids of low tomoderate polarity and hydrogen bonding,with predicted solu-bilities not over 1000 ppm by weight in hydrocarbons,or30 000 ppm by weight in oxygenated compounds,at 298 K.1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins,nitriles,nitrocompounds,and alcohols.1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids notcontaining widely different chemical species.This excludesblends of esters with hydrocarbons,and lubricants containingdetergents,dispersants,rust preventives,or load carryingadditives.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety,health,and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D94 Test Methods for Saponification Number of PetroleumProductsD1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and RefractiveDispersion of Hydrocarbon LiquidsD1298 Test Method for Density,Relative Density,or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD2502 Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Mo-lecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measure-mentsD3238 Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distributionand Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by then-d-M MethodD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products,LiquidFuels,and Lubricants3.Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method,referto Terminology D4175.3.1.2 charge transfer parameter,nthe portion of thesolubility parameter not attributed to London or Keesomforces.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIt includes hydrogen bonds,induceddipoles,and other quasichemical forces.3.1.2.2 DiscussionThe square of the solubility parameterequals the sum of the squares of the three partial parameters.3.1.3 dispersion parameter,nthe portion of the solubilityparameter attributed to London forces.3.1.4 polar parameter,nthe portion of the solubilityparameter attributed to Keesom(permanent dipole)forces.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products,Liquid Fuels,and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.L0.07 on Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids andSolids(Formally D02.1100).Current edition approved Dec.1,2021.Published February 2022.Originallyapproved in 1981.Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4056 16.DOI:10.1520/D4056-21.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.13.1.5 solubility parameter,nthe square root of the cohe-sive energy density(heat of vaporization minus work ofvaporization,per unit volume of liquid),at 298 K.3.2 Symbols:CA=percentage of aromatic carbons,CN=percentage of naphthenic carbons,d=density of lubricant at 298 K,g/mL,G=solubility by weight,mg/kg(ppm),M=molecular weight of lubricant,g/mol,nD=refractive index of lubricant at 298 K,RH=relative humidity,%,S=saponification number,mg of KOH/g of lubricant,T=system temperature,K,V=molar volume of lubricant,mL/mol,x=mole fraction of water in equilibrium mixture,y=Lorentz-Lorenz refractivity function,d=dispersion param