ASTM_D_4428_-_D_4428M_-_14.pdf

Designation:D4428/D4428M14Standard Test Methods forCrosshole Seismic Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4428/D4428M;the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval.A superscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1 These test methods are limited to the determination ofthe velocity of two types of horizontally travelling seismicwaves in soil materials;primary compression(P-wave)andsecondary shear(S-wave)waves.The standard assumes thatthe method used to analyze the data obtained is based on firstarrival times or interval arrival times over a measured distance.1.2 Acceptable interpretation procedures and equipment,such as seismic sources,receivers,and recording systems arediscussed.Other items addressed include borehole spacing,drilling,casing,grouting,deviation surveys,and actual testprocedures.1.3 These test methods are primarily concerned with theactual test procedure,data interpretation,and specifications forequipment which will yield uniform test results.1.4 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to theguide for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in these test methods are regarded asthe industry standard.The procedures used do not considermaterial variation,purpose for obtaining the data,specialpurpose studies,or any considerations for the users objectives.Measurements made to more significant digits or better sensi-tivity than specified in these test methods shall not be regardeda nonconformance with this standard.1.5 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units presented in brackets are to be regarded sepa-rately as standard.The values stated in each system may not beexact equivalents;therefore,each system shall be used inde-pendently of the other.Combining values from the two systemsmay result in non-conformance with the standard.Reporting oftest results in units other than SI shall not be regarded asnonconformance with this test method.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and ContainedFluidsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalData3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in thisstandard,refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 seismic wave trainthe recorded motion of a seismicdisturbance with time.4.Summary of Test Method4.1 The Crosshole Seismic Test makes direct measurementsof P-wave velocities,or S-wave velocities,in boreholes ad-vanced primarily through soil.At selected depths down theborehole,a borehole seismic source is used to generate aseismic wave train.Downhole receivers are used to detect thearrival of the seismic wave train in offset borings at arecommended spacing of 3 to 6 m 10 to 20 ft.The distancebetween boreholes at the test depths is measured using aborehole deviation survey.The borehole seismic source isconnected to and triggers a data recording system that recordsthe response of the downhole receivers,thus measuring thetravel time of the wave train between the source and receivers.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.09 on Cyclic andDynamic Properties of Soils.Current edition approved March 1,2014.Published April 2014.Originallyapproved in 1984.Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4428/D4428M 07.DOI:10.1520/D4428_D4428M-14.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 The P-wave or S-wave velocity is calculated from the mea-sured distance and travel time for the respective wave train.5.Significance and Use5.1 The seismic crosshole method provides a designer withinformation pertinent to the seismic wave velocities of thematerials in question(1).2This data may be used as follows:5.1.1 For input into static/dynamic analyses;5.1.2 For computing shear modulus,Youngs modulus,andPoissons ratio(provided density is known or assumed);5.1.3 For determining Seismic Site Class using the appro-priate Building Code;and5.1.4 For assessing liquefaction potential.5.2 Fundamental assumptions inherent in the test methodsare as follows:5.2.1 Ho