ASTM_D_4647_-_D_4647M_-_13.pdf

Designation:D4647/D4647M13Standard Test Methods forIdentification and Classification of Dispersive Clay Soils bythe Pinhole Test1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4647/D4647M;the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval.A superscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1 This test method presents a direct,measurement of thedispersibility and consequent colloidal erodibility of clay soilsby causing water to flow through a small hole punched in aspecimen.The results of the tests are qualitative and providegeneral guidance regarding dispersibility and erodibility.Thistest method is complemented by Test Method D4221.1.2 This test method and the criteria for evaluating test dataare based upon results of several hundred tests on samplescollected from embankments,channels,and other areas whereclay soils have eroded or resisted erosion in nature(1).21.3 Three alternative procedures for classifying the dispers-ibility of clay soils are provided as follows:1.3.1 Method A and Method C,adapted from Ref(1),classify soils into six categories of dispersiveness as:dispers-ibility(D1,D2),slight to moderately dispersive(ND4,ND3),and nondispersive(ND2,ND1).1.3.2 Method B classifies soils into three categories ofdispersiveness as:dispersibility(D),slightly dispersive(SD),and nondispersive(ND).1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026.1.5 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort(12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture)Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes(Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4221 Test Method for Dispersive Characteristics of ClaySoil by Double HydrometerD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit,Plastic Limit,andPlasticity Index of SoilsD4753 Guide for Evaluating,Selecting,and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil,Rock,andConstruction Materials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalData3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms in these test methods,refer toTerminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.06 on Physical-ChemicalInteractions of Soil and Rock.Current edition approved Jan.1,2013.Published February 2013.Originallyapproved in 1987.Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4647 061.DOI:10.1520/D4647_D4647M-13.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthese test methods.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.2.1 dispersive claysclays that disaggregate easily andrapidly in water of low-salt concentration,and without signifi-cant mechanical assistance.Such clays usually have a highproportion of their adsorptive capacity saturated with sodiumcations.3.2.1.1 DiscussionSuch clays generally have a highshrink-swell potential,have low resistance to erosion,and havelow permeability in an intact state.4.Summary of Test Method4.1 The test method is started with distilled water flowinghorizontally under a hydraulic head of 50 mm 2 in.througha 1.0-mm 0.04-in.diameter hole punched in the soil speci-men.The nature of the solution emerging from the specimenunder the i