ASTM_D_459_-_16.pdf

Designation:D45916Standard Terminology Relating toSoaps and Other Detergents1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D459;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D460 Test Methods for Sampling and Chemical Analysis ofSoaps and Soap ProductsD820 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soaps Con-taining Synthetic DetergentsD2330 Test Method for Methylene Blue Active Substances(Withdrawn 2011)4D2667 Test Method for Biodegradability of AlkylbenzeneSulfonates(Withdrawn 2013)4D2960 Guide for Controlled Laundering Test Using Natu-rally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances(With-drawn 2013)4D4265 Guide for Evaluating Stain Removal Performance inHome LaunderingD5548 Guide for Evaluating Color Transfer or Color Loss ofDyed Fabrics in Laundering(Not Suitable for Detergent orWashing Machine Rankings)3.Terms and DefinitionsABSan abbreviation for alkyl benzene sulfonate.Althoughstrictly speaking this might apply to any such compound,present practice is to use it for those containing branchedchains.(See LAS).acid-wash colorthe color developed in the separated acidwhen a sample of detergent alkylate is agitated with sulfuricacid under the conditions prescribed by the method.active ingredient of a synthetic detergentthe organicsurface-active material present in the detergent.active oxygenin cleaning compounds,the oxidizing powerof oxygen present as peroxide or other active oxygen-containing moieties in solution expressed as oxygen(equiva-lent weight 8.00).alkaline detergentunder detergent,see inorganic alkalinedetergent.alkyl benzene sulfonate(in the context of soaps anddetergents)the detergent produced by sulfonating deter-gent alkylate;any surface-active substance having the mo-lecular structure of a benzene sulfonic acid having as a ringsubstituent(s)an alkyl group(s)sufficiently large to conferdetergent properties.ampholytic surfactant or amphoteric surfactantsee surface-active agent.anhydrous soapunder soap,see anhydrous soap.anionic detergentunder detergent,see anionic detergent.artificially soiled cloth(sometimes called“standard soiledcloth”)cloth soiled with one or more materials and used toevaluate the effectiveness of detergents or washing equip-ment.available chlorine in cleaning compoundsthe oxidizingpower of chlorine present as hypochlorite or other oxidizingchlorine moieties in solution,expressed as chlorine ofequivalent weight 35.45,and as determined by thiosulfatetitration.bathroom soilthe soil composed of water insoluble,orpractically insoluble,materials or a mixture of thesematerials,present on typical bathroom surfaces other thanthose of floors and toilets.A major component of this soil isthe insoluble precipitate,commonly referred to as“soapscum,”that is deposited when soap is used in hard water.blended soapunder soap,see blended soap.brightenersee fluorescent whitening agents(FWA).brightening agentsee fluorescent whitening agents(FWA).buffer actionthe resistance of a solution to change in pH.buildera material added to a soap or synthetic detergentformulation that enhances or maintains the cleaning effi-ciency of the surfactant,principally by inactivating water1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soapsand Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.32 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved July 1,2016.Published August 2016.Originallyapproved in 1937.Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D459-09.DOI:10.1520/D0459-16.2A“Handbook of Industry Terms”is available from the Soap and DetergentAssociation,475 Park Ave.S.,New York,NY 10016.This is an essentiallynontechnical list of definitions of interest to the soap and detergent industry.It isreferenced here for information purposes only.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 hardness either by sequestration,precipitation,or ion ex-change.Other functions,depending on the performancecapability of the builder compound used,include supplyingalkalinity,buffering to maintain alkalinity at effective clean-ing levels,helping to keep removed soil in suspension,andemulsifying oily soils.built soapunder soap,see built soap.cationic detergentunder detergent,see cationic detergent.chelating agenta sequestering or complexing agent that,inaqueous solutio