ASTM_D_528_-_97_2002.pdf

Designation:D 528 97(Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMachine Direction of Paper and Paperboard1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 528;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers four procedures for determiningthe machine direction of most grades of paper and paperboard,embodying the principle that machine direction alignment offibers results in:1.1.1 Cross-direction shrinkage to produce curl with axis inmachine direction,1.1.2 Higher cross-direction tear,1.1.3 Higher tensile strength in machine direction,and1.1.4 Higher stiffness in machine direction.1.2 Application of the procedures in this method to certaingrades of paper,such as sheets laminated to film,crepedpapers,extensible papers(where it is not unusual for themachine direction tensile to be relatively low and the stretch tobe relatively high)and papers reinforced with textile materials,may result in unreliable determinations.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper,Paperboard,Fiberboard,or Related Product2D 774 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper2D 828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation Appara-tus2D 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products22.2TAPPI Standard:T 409Machine direction of paper33.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions shall be in accordance withTerminology D 1968 and the Dictionary of Paper.34.Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes four physical procedures fordetermining the machine direction of paper and paperboard.Two of the procedures employ no special apparatus,the oneusing the difference in stiffness between machine and crossdirections,and the other utilizing the tendency of paper to curlwhen preferentially wetted on one side.The remaining twoprocedures use standard test equipment,a tensile tester in onecase and a bursting tester in the other.5.Significance and Use5.1 From the standpoint of use requirements,the determi-nation of the machine direction of paper is essential wherecreasing is required,such as the folding of pages in books andpamphlets,or when scoring or creasing is performed as forcut-outs and folders.5.2 Determination of machine direction is necessary,inmany instances,before further testing can be done.Forexample,machine direction must be known when determiningbrightness,gloss,tear,tensile and folding endurance.6.Apparatus6.1 Bursting Tester,meeting the requirements set forth inTest Method D 774,to be used for Procedure C.6.2 Tensile Tester,meeting the requirements set forth in TestMethod D 828,to be used for Procedure D.6.3 Other ApparatusIndelible pencil(optional for 9.1),shallow glass or metal pan.7.Sampling and Test Specimens7.1 Obtain a sample of the paper in accordance withPractice D 585.From each test unit sheet of the sample preparespecimens as follows:7.1.1 Procedure AFor purposes of identification,draw aline through adjacent parts of the paper and the specimen to becut.Cut circular specimens approximately 50 mm in diameteror square specimens approximately 50 mm on a side.For1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Dec.10,1997.Published November 1998.Originallypublished as D 528 39T.Last previous edition D 528 95e1.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 15.09.3Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,Technology Park/Atlanta,P.O.Box 105113,Atlanta,GA 30348.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.square specimens,the sides of the specimen must be cutparallel to the sides of the test unit sheet.7.1.2 Procedures B and DCut two test specimen strips 15by 250 mm.Cut them at right angles to each other and parallelto the edges of the test unit sheet.7.1.3 Procedure CUse the test unit sheet as received.8.Procedure8.1 Procedure AFloat a specimen on tap water in a panand note or mark with an indelible pencil,the final axis of curl.Observe the curl before water penetrates completely throughthe specimen.8.2 Procedure BBendPlace two specimen strips to-gether,one on top of the other,making sure they are aligned atone end.Grasp the two between the thumb and forefinger andhold them so that they are free to bend of their own wei