ASTM_D_4521_-_96.pdf

Designation:D 4521 96Standard Test Method forCoefficient of Static Friction of Corrugated and SolidFiberboard1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4521;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coef-ficient of static friction of corrugated and solid fiberboard or ofthe materials used to make such board.1.2 This test method contains the following two methods:1.2.1 Horizontal Plane MethodThe horizontal instrumentrequires some means of movement of the specimen in relationto the surface upon which it rests.The coefficient of friction ismeasured directly from the resistance to that force and theapplied weight(see 7.1).1.2.2 Inclined Plane MethodThe incline plane is raiseduntil sliding begins.The coefficient of friction is equal to thetangent of the angle at which sliding begins(see 7.2).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.The values in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper,Paperboard,Fiberboard,and Related Products2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-ments2D 2534 Test Method for Coefficient of Kinetic Friction forWax Coatings3D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers,Packages,orPackaging Components for Testing2E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method43.Terminology3.1 General definitions for packaging and distribution envi-ronments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coeffcient of frictionthe ratio of the frictional forceresisting movement of the surface being tested to the forceapplied normal to that surface(the weight of the material abovethat surface).3.2.2 kinetic coeffcientthe ratio of the force resistingmotion of the surface once the motion is in progress.NOTE1Kinetic coefficient is not determined in this test method(seeAppendix XI).3.2.3 static coeffcientthe ratio of the force resisting initialmotion of the surface.4.Significance and Use4.1 The coefficient of friction of corrugated and solidfiberboard indicates how containers made from that board willperform in many critical applications.A high coefficient offriction of one surface of board to itself means that containershaving that surface will tend to resist sliding under materialhandling conditions.A low coefficient may indicate potentialproblems with the containers slipping from the load.4.2 The coefficient of friction test is empirical.It describesthe condition of that surface at the moment of test.This may ormay not relate to the condition of the surface in use.Itscondition will depend upon the treatment of the surface.Nevertheless,the test results are useful in determining theproperties of the surfaces tested.Measurement is not madeuntil the third slide.Experience has shown that variability isgreatly reduced after the second slide,and friction measure-ments are essentially constant for repeated slides.5.Test Specimens5.1 From each test unit of a sample obtained in accordancewith Practice D 585,cut five specimens(see 5.3 for size).Carefully mark each specimen with its machine direction,on aplace that will not be the actual test area.For corrugated boardthis will be perpendicular to the direction of the flute tips.5.2 Cut and orient the specimens as follows:5.2.1 If the specimens are from a container,carefully cutthem from a flap area of the container.It is usually desirable totest a flap area since this is the area that normally comes incontact with the next container in pallet loads.5.2.2 Paper is anisotropic,and the coefficient of friction isparticularly so.Care must be taken in making the test to orient1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.17on Paper andPaperboard Products.Current edition approved April 10,1996.Published June 1996.Originallypublished as D 4521 85.Last previous edition D 4521 91.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 15.09.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 05.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vols 06.04,08.03,and 14.02.1AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS100 Barr Harbor Dr.,West Conshohocken,PA 19428Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.Copyright ASTMNOTICE:Thisstandardhaseitherbeensupersededandreplacedbyanewversionordiscontinued.ContactASTMIntern