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2023
年高
英语
复习
训练
动词
不定式
高三英语复习与训练七——动词不定式
7. 动词不定式
动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志,没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。
常见的形式如表所示〔以及物动词do为例〕,不及物动词没有被动语态。
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
/
完成式
to have done
to have been done
完成进行式
to have been doing
/
7.1 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语,大致上有三种情况。
1) 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语,结构为动词+不定式。例如:
afford
aim
agree
arrange
ask
decide
bother
care
choose
demand
desire
determine
elect
endeavor
hope
fail
help
learn
long 渴望
mean
manage
offer
plan
pretend
refuse
tend
undertake
expect
hate
intend
例如:
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。
2〕有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语,还用不定式作补语,即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:
ask
choose
expect
help
beg
intend
like/love
need
prefer
prepare
want
wish
例如:
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3〕 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如:
decide
know
consider
forget
learn
remember
show,
wonder
find out
tell
inquire
explain
例如:
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.
有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
7.2 不定式作补语
1〕 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:
advise
allow
cause
challenge
command
compel
drive 驱使
enable
encourage
forbid
force
impel
induce
instruct
invite
like/love
order
permit
make
let
have
want
get
warn
persuade
request
send
tell
train
urge
例如;
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。例如:
consider
find
believe
think
declare〔声称〕
appoint
guess
fancy〔设想〕
guess
judge
imagine
know
例如:
We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。〔to be 不能省去〕
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案:C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,应选C。
3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如:
believe
expect
intend
like
love
mean
prefer
want
wish
understand
例如:
We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
7.3 不定式作主语
不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真快乐。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型。另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语。例如:
〔对〕To teach is to learn.
〔错〕It is to learn to teach.
〔错〕To teach is learning.
〔错〕Teaching is to learn.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。
7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1〕for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如:
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2〕of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如:
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
用for还是用of 的另一种区分方法:
用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果通顺用of,不通那么用for。例如:
You are nice. 〔通顺,所以应用of〕。
He is hard. 〔非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for。〕
7.5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
7.6 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。例如:
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上〔他回家时〕两手空空。
7.7 不定式作状语
1〕目的状语
常用结构为to do , only to do〔仅仅为了〕, in order to do, so as to do, so〔such〕… as to…〔如此…以便…〕。例如:
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你辞别。
2〕作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3〕 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 见到你很快乐。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4〕表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
7.8 用作介词的to
to 可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to 都用作介词:
admit to
object to
be accustomed to
be used to
stick to
turn to开始
look forward to
be devoted to
pay attention to
contribute to
apologize to
devote oneself to
7.9 省去to 的动词不定式
1〕 情态动词 〔 除ought 外〕 后。
2〕 使役动词 let, have, make后,感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意: