ASTM_D_4848_-_98_2012.pdf

Designation:D484898(Reapproved 2012)Standard Terminology Related toForce,Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4848;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of defini-tions of technical terms related to force and deformationproperties when evaluating a stress-strain curve of a textile.(See Figs.X1.1 and X1.2.)A chart showing the relationship ofthe basic terms is shown in Table 1.Terms that are generallyunderstood or adequately defined in other readily availablesources are not included.1.2 For other terms associated with textiles,refer to Termi-nology D123.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in SkeinFormD5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Ori-ented Yarn3.Terminologybreak factor,n in yarn testing,the comparative breakingload of a skein of yarn adjusted for the linear density of theyarn expressed in an indirect system.D13.58 D1578breaking elongationSee elongation at break.breaking force,nthe maximum force applied to a materialcarried to rupture.(Compare breaking point,breakingstrength.Syn.force-at-break)DISCUSSIONMaterials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-mum force.Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximumforce before rupturing.breaking loaddeprecated term.Use the preferred termbreaking force.breaking point,non a force-elongation curve,or stress-strain curve,the point corresponding with the breaking forceor the breaking stress in a tensile test.(Compare breakingforce.)breaking strength,nstrength expressed in terms of breakingforce.(See also breaking force and strength.Syn.,strengthat break)breaking tenacity,nthe tenacity at the breaking force.(Seealso breaking force,tenacity.)breaking toughness,ntoughness up to the breaking force ofa material.DISCUSSIONBreaking toughness is represented by the area and thestress-strain curve from the origin to the breaking force per unit length,and,in textile strands,is expressed as work(joules)per unit of lineardensity of the material.In textile fabrics,the unit is joules per gram.chord modulus,nin a stress-strain curve,the ratio of thechange in stress to the change in strain between two specifiedpoints on the pression,nthe act,process,or result of compacting,condensing,or pressive force,nthe perpendicular force applied tosurface(s)of a material in pression recovery,nthe degree to which a materialreturns to its original dimension(s)after removal of acompressive pression resistance,nthe ability of a material to opposedeformation under a compressive force.corresponding elongationSee elongation at specified force.corresponding forceSee force-at-specified-elongation.deformation,na change in shape of a material caused byforces of compression,shear,tension,or torsion.DISCUSSIONDeformation may be immediate or delayed.Delayeddeformation may be either recoverable or nonrecoverable.deformation,permanent,nthe net long-term change in adimension of a specimen after deformation and relaxationunder specified conditions.(Syn.permanent set,nonrecov-erable deformation,and nonrecoverable stretch.DISCUSSIONPermanent deformation is usually expressed as a per-centage of the original dimension.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and FibersCurrent edition approved June 1,2012.Published September 2012.Originallyapproved in 1988.Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4848 98(2004)1.DOI:10.1520/D4848-98R12.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 delayed deformation,ndeformation which is time-dependent and exhibited by material subject to a continuingforce.D13.58 D4848elastic limit,nin mechanics,the maximum stress which canbe obtained in a material without causing permanent defor-mation of the material.(Compare yield point.)DISCUSSIONElastic limit is a property of a material whereas yieldpoint is a specific point on a stress-strain curve.elasticity,nthat property of a material by virtue of which ittends to recover its original size and shape immediately afterremoval of the force causing deformation.elongation,nthe ratio of the extension of a material to thelength of the material prior to stretching,expressed as apercent.DISCUSSIONElongation may be measured at any specified force or atrupture.elongation at bre