ASTM_D_4917_-_97_2002.pdf

Designation:D 4917 97(Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forCoefficient of Static and Kinetic Friction of UncoatedWriting and Printing Paper by Use of the Horizontal PlaneMethod1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4917;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method describes a horizontal plane procedurefor the determination of the coefficient of static and kineticfriction of paper measured when sliding against itself.1.2 Although this test method is basic in concept,theprecision statement has been developed on uncoated writingand printing papers.While the use of this test method isrecommended for those grades only,it may be used with othertypes of papers giving specific attention to special papercharacteristics and with the understanding that the precisionand bias may not be the same.1.3 The horizontal instrument requires some means ofmovement of the specimen in relation to the surface uponwhich it rests.The coefficient of friction(COF)is measureddirectly from the resistance to tangential motion and theapplied weight pressing two pieces of paper together.1.4 Static COF relates to the force required to initiatemovement between two surfaces while kinetic COF relates tothe force required to cause continuation of the movement atuniform speed.1.5 An inclined plane method is described in Test MethodD 4918,which gives similar results for static COF but TestMethod D 4918 cannot be used for the determination of kineticCOF.The choice of approach depends on the equipmentavailable and the means of measurement.1.6 The determination of this characteristic for corrugatedand solid fiberboard is described in Test Methods D 4521 andD 3247.These test methods differ in that in Test MethodsD 4521 and D 3247,the two specimens are allowed to slipupon one another three times before the force measurement isdetermined,while in this test method the determination is madeon the first slip.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboard2D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper,Paperboard,Fiberboard,and Related Products2D 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor Testing2D 725 Method of Test for Identification of Wire Sides ofPaper3D 828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation Appara-tus2D 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products2D 3247 Method of Test for Coefficient of Static Friction ofCorrugated and Solid Fiberboard(Horizontal PlaneMethod)4D 3460 Specification for White Watermarked and Unwater-marked Bond,Mimeo,Spirit Duplicator,Reprographic andLaser Printer Cut-Sized Office Papers2D 4521 Test Method for Coefficient of Static Friction ofCorrugated and Solid Fiberboard2D 4918 Test Method for Coefficient of Static Friction ofUncoated Writing and Printing Paper by Use of theInclined Plane Method2E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,with a Specified Tolerable Error,the Average for Charac-teristic of a Lot or Process51This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Dec.10,1997.Published November 1998.Originallyapproved in 1989.Last previous edition approved in 1994 as D 4917 94.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 15.09.3Discontinued 1980.See the 1980 Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Part 20.4Withdrawn1988,replaced by Test Method D 4521.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 14.02.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.3.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions shall be in accordance withTerminology D 1968 and the Dictionary of Paper.64.Summary of Test Method4.1 One specimen of the paper sample is clamped to ahorizontal plane surface,the other to a specimen sled.The sledis pulled across the surface,or alternatively,the plane is pulledunder the stationary sled by mechanical means,and the forcerequired to do so is measured.The coefficients of both staticand kinetic friction can be determined.5.Significance and Use5.1 The coefficient of friction of printing and writing papersis an indicator of the ease with which the top or bottom sheetof a stack of paper will slide across the succeeding sheet,suchas occurs on the infeed of a printing press or the sheet transportinto a copier mac