ASTM_D_4577_-_19.pdf

Designation:D457719Standard Test Method forCompression Resistance of a Container Under ConstantLoad1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4577;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method is designed to determine the resistanceof a shipping container to a vertically applied constant load foreither a specified time or to failure.The test method may alsobe used for palletized or unitized load configurations.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety,health,and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific precautionary statements,see Section 6.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistanceof Shipping Containers,Components,and Unit LoadsD685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers,Packages,orPackaging Components for TestingD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,WithSpecified Precision,the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or Process2.2 TAPPI Standard3T412 Moisture in pulp,paper and paperboard3.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for the packaging anddistribution environments are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 loadthe force applied to a body,lbf or N.3.2.2 constant loada load that is invariable or unchanging3.2.3 static loadan imposed stationary force,constant inmagnitude,direction,and sense4.Significance and Use4.1 In the distribution system for many products there is aphase wherein the packaged product may be stored for a periodof time in a manner such that one or more containers aresuperimposed one upon the other.Failure can occur in anylayer4(see Fig.1 and Fig.3).4.2 This test method subjects a container,empty or filled,toa predetermined static load,and to specified atmosphericconditions,if required.5.Apparatus5.1 The testing apparatus shall be capable of imposing aconstant load on the test specimen and may be hydraulically,pneumatically,or mechanically activated.A test apparatusemploying dead weights to impose the constant load may beused,as in Fig.1 and Fig.2.Compression machines may alsobe used,as in Fig.3 and Fig.4,and shall contain two platens,or suitable framework and fixturing,one stationary and onemovable in the vertical direction.The movable platen may beswiveled(floating)or fixed and should have propermechanical,pneumatic,or hydraulic linkages to permit top-to-bottom loading.If the floor where the test is to be conducted issubject to severe vibration,it may be necessary to vibration-isolate the test apparatus.The test device should have a timer1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems-Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved April 1,2019.Published June 2019.Originallyapproved in 1986.Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D4577 05(2018).DOI:10.1520/D4577-19.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry(TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South,Norcross,GA 30092,http:/www.tappi.org.4Frank,B.,Gilgenbach,M.,and Maltenfort,M.,“Compression Testing toSimulate Real-World Stresses,”Packaging Technology and Science,2010;23:275-282.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.1 for measuring the period of time required to cause containerfailure and means such as a dial indicator to measure boxdefor