ASTM_D_4988_-_96_2006.pdf

Designation:D4988 96(Reapproved 2006)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of Alkalinity of Paper as Calcium Carbonate(Alkaline Reserve of Paper)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4988;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the alka-linity or alkaline reserve of paper,or both.1.2 Aqualitative test is described that indicates the presenceof carbonate.(The detection limit is approximately 5%cal-cium carbonate.)1.3 A qualitative test is described that determines thealkalinity expressed as percent calcium carbonate or alkalinereserve,or both,expressed as moles per kilogram of paper.NOTE1A similar procedure for measuring the alkalinity or alkalinereserve or both of paper will be found in ISO 10716.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper,Paperboard,Fiberboard,and Related ProductD644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products2.2ISO Standard:ISO 10716 Paper and BoardDetermination of Alkali Re-serve32.3TAPPI Standards:T 266 Determination of Sodium,Calcium,Copper,Iron,and Manganese in Pulp and Paper by Atomic AbsorptionSpectroscopy4T 610 Preparation of Indicators and Standard Solutions43.Terminology3.1 For the meaning of terms used in this test method,consult Terminology D1968,or The Dictionary of Paper.44.Summary of Test Method4.1 Qualitative TestThe presence of carbonate is deter-mined by immersing a sample of the paper in hydrochloric acidand observing effervescence.Any carbonate or bicarbonate saltpresent will produce this effect.4.2 Quantitative Determination of CarbonateThe papersample is subjected to digestion in a known quantity ofstandardized hydrochloric acid.Back titration with standard-ized sodium hydroxide is used to determine the amount ofhydrochloric acid consumed in the digestion process.Thesubsequent calculation for alkalinity assumes that all of thealkaline material neutralized was calcium carbonate.Thecalculation of moles per kilogram is independent of thematerial providing the reserve.5.Significance and Use5.1 Growing concern regarding the deterioration of booksand various documents in libraries and archives have led to thedevelopment of standards by standard-setting bodies for im-proved permanence in paper.By using alkaline sizing technol-ogy,it is possible to manufacture paper at a pH of 6.5 or aboveand,therefore,incorporate alkaline fillers such as calciumcarbonate.Alkaline sizing in itself improves permanence byeliminating acid from the sheet normally associated with arosin/alum sizing system.The presence of an alkaline fillergives an added measure of permanence because it has thecapability of sorbing acidic gases from the environment thatmight otherwise cause deterioration of the paper.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 onStandard Documents Relating to Paper and Paper Products.Current edition approved Nov.1,2006.Published November 2006.Originallyapproved in 1989.Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4988 96(2001).DOI:10.1520/D4988-96R06.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute(ANSI),25 W.43rd St.,4th Floor,New York,NY 10036,http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry(TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South,Norcross,GA 30092,http:/www.tappi.org.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.NOTICE:This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International(www.astm.org)for the latest information.5.2 Various paper product specifications specify an alkalireserve,frequently at a minimum of 2%calcium carbonate.Analkaline reserve of 0.4 mol/kg is provided by 2%calciumcarbonate.5.3 The qualitative test can be used to determine thepresence of carbonate,although this may not necessarilyconfirm that the paper is alkaline-sized or that the filler iscalcium carbonate.Apaper sized with a rosin/alum system andcoated with a coa