Designation:D4865−19AnAmericanNationalStandardStandardGuideforGenerationandDissipationofStaticElectricityinPetroleumFuelSystems1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD4865;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.INTRODUCTIONEveryyearanumberoffiresandexplosionsinpetroleumproductsystemsareattributedtosparkignitionfromaccumulatedstaticelectricity.Suchfiresrequireaflammablehydrocarbon/airmixtureandanignitionsource.Safetypracticescanconcentrateontheeliminationofeitherfactor,butthisguideprovidesageneralbackgroundonhowelectrostaticchargesareformedandhowtheymaybepreventedordissipated.Asubtleandoftenmisunderstoodfeatureoftheseincidentsisthepossibleaccumulationofhazardouselectrostaticchargesinsystemswhichareproperlybondedandgrounded.Thiscanoccurbecauserefinedhydrocarbonfuelshavelowelectricalconductivitiesandelectrostaticchargesmayberetainedwithinthefuelandonitssurfaces.1.Scope*1.1Thisguidedescribeshowstaticelectricitymaybegeneratedinpetroleumfuelsystems,thetypesofequipmentconducivetochargegeneration,andmethodsforthesafedissipationofsuchcharges.Thisguideisintendedtoincreaseawarenessofpotentialoperatingproblemsandhazardsresult-ingfromelectrostaticchargeaccumulation.1.2Thisguideisnotintendedtoprovidespecificsolutionsbutindicatesavailabletechniquestheusermaywishtoinvestigatetoalleviateelectrostaticcharges.Thisguidedoesnotcovertheeffectsofstraycurrentsoroflightning,eitherofwhichcanalsoproducesparksleadingtofiresorexplosions.1.3Thisguideisnotintendedtoaddressdetailedsafetypracticesassociatedwithstaticelectricityinpetroleumproductsystems.1.4ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.ThevaluesgiveninparenthesesafterSIunitsareprovidedforinformationonlyandarenotconsideredstandard.1.5Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associated...
