ASTM_D_5754_-_95_2006.pdf

Designation:D575495(Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forDisplaying the Results of Chemical Analyses ofGroundwater for Major Ions and Trace ElementsTrilinearDiagrams for Two or More Analyses1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5754;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide covers the category of water analysis dia-grams that use two-dimensional trilinear graphs as a techniquefor displaying the common chemical components from two ormore complete analyses of natural groundwater(see Section 3)on a single diagram.This category includes not only trilinear-shaped diagrams but also the diamond-or parallelogram-,rectangular-,or square-shaped graphs that have trilinear sub-divisions.1.2 This guide is the first of several documents to informprofessionals in the field of hydrology with the traditionalgraphical methods available to display groundwater chemistry.NOTE1Subsequent guides are planned that will describe the othercategories of diagrams that have been developed to display groundwaterchemical analyses.(1)A guide for diagrams based on data analytical calculations willinclude those categories of water analysis graphs in which one analysis isplotted on each diagram(for example,the pattern,bar,radial,and circlediagrams).(2)A guide for statistical diagrams will include those categories ofwater analysis graphs in which multiple analyses are analyzed statisticallyand the results plotted on the diagram(for example,the box,etc.).1.3 Numerous methods have been developed to display theions dissolved in water on trilinear diagrams.These diagramsare valuable as a means of interpreting the physical andchemical mechanisms controlling the composition of water.1.4 The most commonly used trilinear methods were devel-oped by Hill(1-3),2Langelier and Ludwig(4),Piper(5,6),andDurov(7-13).These techniques are proven systems for inter-preting the origin of the ions in natural groundwater and forfacilitating the comparison of results from a large number ofanalyses.NOTE2The use of trade names in this guide is for identificationpurposes only and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action.This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances.This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged,nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects.The word“Standard”in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D596 Guide for Reporting Results of Analysis of WaterD653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and ContainedFluidsD1129 Terminology Relating to Water3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Except as listed as follows,all definitions are inaccordance with Terminology D653.3.1.2 anionan ion that moves or would move toward ananode;the term is thus nearly always synonymous withnegative ion.3.1.3 cationan ion that moves or would move toward acathode;the term is thus nearly always synonymous withpositive ion.3.1.4 equivalent per million(epm)for water chemistry,anequivalent weight unit expressed in English terms and alsoexpressed as milligram-equivalent per kilogram.When theconcentration of an ion,expressed in parts per million(ppm),1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1,2006.Published August 2006.Originallyapproved in 1995.Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D5754 95(2000).DOI:10.1520/D5754-95R06.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesNOTICE:This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International(www.astm.org)for the latest information1is multiplied by the equivalent weight(combining weight)factor(see equivalent weight factor)of that ion,the result isexpressed in epm.3.1.4.1 Discussion(1)For a completely determined chemical analysis of awater sample,the total epm valu