ASTM_D_5956_-_21.pdf

Designation:D595621Standard Guide forSampling Strategies for Heterogeneous Wastes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5956;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide is a practical,nonmathematical discussionfor heterogeneous waste sampling strategies.This guide isconsistent with the particulate material sampling theory as wellas inferential statistics,and may serve as an introduction to thestatistical treatment of sampling issues.1.2 This guide does not provide comprehensive samplingprocedures,nor does it serve as a guide to any specification.Itis the responsibility of the user to ensure appropriate proce-dures are used.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.All observed and calculated values shall conform tothe guidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026.Reporting of test results in units other than SIshall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety,health,and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Re-cords in Geotechnical Data3.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisstandard,see Terminology D5681.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 component,nan easily identified item such as a largecrystal,an agglomerate,rod,container,block,glove,piece ofwood,or concrete.3.2.2 composite sample,na combination of two or moresamples.3.2.2.1 DiscussionWhen compositing samples to detecthot spots or whenever there may be a reason to determinewhich of the component samples that constitute the compositeare the source of the detected contaminant,it can be helpful tocomposite only portions of the component samples.Theremainders of the component samples then can be archived forfuture reference and analysis.This approach is particularlyhelpful when sampling is expensive,hazardous,or difficult.3.2.3 correlation,nthe mutual relation of two or morethings.3.2.4 item,na distinct part of a population(for example,microscopic particles,macroscopic particles,and 20-ft longsteel beams).3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe term component defines a subset ofitems.Components are those items that are easily identified asbeing different from the remainder of items that constitute thepopulation.The identification of components may facilitate thestratification and sampling of a highly stratified populationwhen the presence of the characteristic of interest is correlatedwith a specific component.3.2.5 practical homogeneity,nthe condition of the popu-lation under which all items of the population are not identical.For the characteristic of interest,however,the differencesbetween individual physical samples are not measurable orsignificant relative to project objectives.3.2.5.1 DiscussionFor practical purposes,the populationis homogeneous.3.2.6 random,nlack of order or patterns in a populationwhose items have an equal probability of occurring.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThe word random is used in two dif-ferent contexts in this guide.In relation to sampling,randommeans that all items of a population have an equal probabilityof being sampled.In relation to the distribution of a population1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved Oct.1,2021.Published October 2021.Originallyapproved in 1996.Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D5956 15.DOI:10.1520/D5956-21.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Internation