ASTM_D_5738_-_95_2000.pdf

Designation:D 5738 95(Reapproved 2000)Standard Guide forDisplaying the Results of Chemical Analyses of GroundWater for Major Ions and Trace ElementsDiagrams forSingle Analyses1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5738;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide covers the category of water-analysis dia-grams that use pictorial or pattern methods(for example,bar,radiating vectors,pattern,and circular)as a basis for displayingeach of the individual chemical components that were deter-mined from the analysis of a single sample of natural groundwater(see Terminology).1.2 This guide on single-analysis diagrams is the second ofseveral standards to inform the professionals in the field ofhydrology with the traditional graphical methods available todisplay ground-water chemistry.NOTE1The initial guide described the category of water-analysisdiagrams that use two-dimensional trilinear graphs to display,on a singlediagram,the common chemical components from two or more completeanalyses of natural ground water.1.2.1 A third guide will be for diagrams based on dataanalytical calculations that include those categories of wateranalysis graphs where multiple analyses are analyzed statisti-cally and the results plotted on a diagram(for example,thebox,and so forth).1.3 Numerous methods have been developed to display,onsingle-analyses diagrams,the ions dissolved in water.Thesemethods were developed by investigators to assist in theinterpretation of the origin of the ions in the water and tosimplify the comparison of analyses,one with another.1.4 This guide presents a compilation of diagrams from anumber of authors that allows for transformation of numericaldata into visual,usable forms.It is not a guide to selection oruse.That choice is program or project specific.NOTE2Use of tradenames in this guide is for identification purposesonly and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action.This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances.This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged,nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects.The word“Standard”in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 596 Practice for Reporting Results of Analysis of Water2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and ContainedFluids3D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water2D 5754 Guide for Displaying the Results of ChemicalAnalyses of Ground Water for Major Ions and TraceElementsTrilinear Diagrams for Two or MoreAnalyses23.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept as listed as follows,all definitionsare in accordance with Terminology D 653.3.1.1 anionan ion that moves or would move towards ananode;thus nearly always synonymous with negative ion.3.1.2 cationan ion that moves or would move towards acathode;thus nearly always synonymous with positive ion.3.1.3 equivalent per million(epm)for water chemistry,anequivalent weight unit expressed in English terms,also ex-pressed as milligram-equivalent per kilogram.When the con-centration of an ion,expressed in parts per million(ppm),ismultiplied by the equivalent weight(combining weight)factor(see explanation of equivalent weight factor)of that ion,theresult is expressed in epm.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFor a completely determined chemicalanalysis of a water sample,the total epm value of the cationswill equal the total epm value of the anions(chemicallybalanced).The plotted values on the water-analysis diagramsdescribed in this guide can be expressed in percentages of thetotal epm(although all illustrations are in milliequivalent perlitre)of the cations and anions of each water analysis.Therefore,in order to use the diagrams,analyses must beconverted from ppm to epm by multiplying each ion by its1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 15,1995.Published August 1995.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 11.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 04.08.1Copyright ASTM,100 Barr Harbor Drive,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.equivalent weight factor and determining the percent of eachion of the total cation or anion.3.1.4 equivalent weight factorthe equivalent weight fac-tor or combinin