Designation:D5494−93(Reapproved2011)StandardTestMethodfortheDeterminationofPyramidPunctureResistanceofUnprotectedandProtectedGeomembranes1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD5494;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.1.Scope1.1Thetestmethodistobeusedasanindextesttodeterminethepyramidpunctureresistanceofgeomembranesand,orboth,geomembranesprotectedbynon-wovengeotex-tilesandotherpunctureprotectivegeosynthetics.1.2Thetestmethodmeasurestheincreaseofthepyramidpunctureresistanceduetotheuseofprotectivenon-wovengeotextileswithgeomembranes.1.3ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandardvalue.Thevaluesstatedinparenthesesareprovidedforinformationonly.1.4Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyproblems,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards:2D76SpecificationforTensileTestingMachinesforTextilesD4354PracticeforSamplingofGeosyntheticsandRolledErosionControlProducts(RECPs)forTestingD4439TerminologyforGeosyntheticsD4491TestMethodsforWaterPermeabilityofGeotextilesbyPermittivity3.Terminology3.1Definitions:3.1.1atmospherefortestinggeosynthetics,n—airmain-tainedatarelativehumiditybetween50to70%andatemperatureof2162°C(7064°F).3.1.2geomembrane,n—anessentiallyimpermeablegeosyn-theticcomposedofoneormoresyntheticsheets.3.1.2.1Discussion—Ingeotechnicalengineering,essen-tiallyimpermeablemeansthatnomeasurableliquidflowsthroughageosyntheticwhentestedinaccordancewithTestMethodD4491.3.1.3geotextile,n—apermeablegeosyntheticcomprisedsolelyoftextiles.3.1.3.1Discussion—Currentmanufacturingtechniquespro-ducenon-wovenfabrics,knitted(non-tubular)fabrics,andwovenfabrics.3.1.4For...
