ASTM_D_6167_-_11.pdf

Designation:D616711Standard Guide forConducting Borehole Geophysical Logging:MechanicalCaliper1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6167;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1 This guide covers the general procedures necessary toconduct caliper logging of boreholes,wells,access tubes,caissons,or shafts(hereafter referred as boreholes)as com-monly applied to geologic,engineering,groundwater,andenvironmental(hereafter referred as geotechnical)investiga-tions.Caliper logging for mineral or petroleum exploration anddevelopment are excluded.1.1.1 This guide offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action.This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances.This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged,nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects.The word“Standard”in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.1.2 This guide defines a caliper log as a record of boreholediameter with depth.1.2.1 Caliper logs are essential in the interpretation ofgeophysical logs since they can be significantly affected byborehole diameter.1.2.2 Caliper logs are commonly used to measure boreholediameter,shape,roughness,and stability;calculate boreholevolume;provide information on borehole construction;anddelineate lithologic contacts,fractures,and solution cavitiesand other openings.1.2.2.1 Borehole-diameter information is essential for cal-culation of volumetric rate from flowmeter logs.1.2.2.2 Caliper logs provide useful information for boreholecompletion and testing.1.2.2.3 Caliper logs are used to locate the optimum place-ment of inflatable packers for borehole testing.Inflatablepackers can only form an effective seal within a specified rangeof borehole diameters,and can be damaged if they are set inrough or irregular parts of the borehole.1.2.2.4 Caliper logs are used to estimate the volume ofborehole completion material(cement,gravel,etc.)needed tofill the annular space between borehole and casing(s)or wellscreen.1.2.2.5 Caliper logs may be applied to correlate lithologybetween boreholes based upon enlargements related to lithol-ogy.The measured borehole diameter may be significantlydifferent than the drilled diameter because of plastic formationsextruded into the borehole and friable formations enlarging theborehole.A series of caliper logs may also show increases ordecreases in borehole diameter with time.1.3 This guide is restricted to mechanically based deviceswith spring-loaded arms,which are the most common calipersused in caliper logging with geotechnical applications.1.4 This guide provides an overview of caliper logging,including general procedures,specific documentation,calibra-tion and standardization,and log quality and interpretation.1.5 To obtain additional information on caliper logs seeSection 9 of this guide.1.6 This guide is to be used in conjunction with GuideD5753.1.7 This guide should not be used as a sole criterion forcaliper logging and does not replace professional judgment.Caliper logging procedures should be adapted to meet theneeds of a range of applications and stated in general terms sothat flexibility or innovation is not suppressed.1.8 The geotechnical industry uses English or SI units.Thecaliper log is typically recorded in units of inches,millimetres,or centimetres.1.9 This guide does not purport to address all of the safetyand liability problems(for example,lost or lodged probes andequipment decontamination)associated with its use.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and SubsurfaceCharacterization.Current edition approved May 1,2011.Published June 2011.Originallyapproved in 1997.Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D6167-97(2004).DOI:10.1520/D6167-11.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and ContainedFluidsD5088 Pr