ASTM_D_6001_-_05_2012.pdf

Designation:D600105(Reapproved 2012)Standard Guide forDirect-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental SiteCharacterization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6001;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for samplinggroundwater at discrete points or in increments by insertion ofsampling devices by static force or impact without drilling andremoval of cuttings.By directly pushing the sampler,the soil isdisplaced and helps to form an annular seal above the samplingzone.Direct-push water sampling can be one time,or multiplesampling events.Methods for obtaining water samples forwater quality analysis and detection of contaminants arepresented.1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used forgroundwater quality studies.Water quality may vary at differ-ent depths below the surface depending on geohydrologicconditions.Incremental sampling or sampling at discretedepths is used to determine the distribution of contaminantsand to more completely characterize geohydrologic environ-ments.These investigations are frequently required in charac-terization of hazardous and toxic waste sites.1.3 Direct-push methods can provide accurate informationon the distribution of water quality if provisions are made toensure that cross-contamination or linkage between waterbearing strata are not made.Discrete point sampling with asealed(protected)screen sampler,combined with on-siteanalysis of water samples,can provide the most accuratedepiction of water quality conditions at the time of sampling.Direct-push water sampling with exposed-screen samplingdevices may be useful and are considered as screening toolsdepending on precautions taken during testing.Exposed screensamplers may require development or purging depending onsampling and quality assurance plans.Results from direct-pushinvestigations can be used to guide placement of permanentgroundwater monitoring wells and direct remediation efforts.Multiple sampling events can be performed to depict condi-tions over time.Use of double tube tooling,where the outerpush tube seals the hole,prevents the sampling tools fromcoming in contact with the formation,except at the samplingpoint.1.4 Field test methods described in this guide includeinstallation of temporary well points,and insertion of watersamplers using a variety of insertion methods.Insertion meth-ods include:(1)soil probing using combinations of impact,percussion,or vibratory driving with or without additions ofsmooth static force;(2)smooth static force from the surfaceusing hydraulic cone penetrometer(Guide D6067)or drillingequipment(Guide D6286),and incremental drilling combinedwith direct-push water sampling events.Under typical incre-mental drilling operations,samplers are advanced with assis-tance of drilling equipment by smooth hydraulic push,ormechanical impacts from hammers or other vibratory equip-ment.Direct-push water sampling maybe combined with othersampling methods(Guide D6169)in drilled holes.Methods forborehole abandonment by grouting are also addressed.1.5 Direct-push water sampling is limited to soils that canbe penetrated with available equipment.In strong soils damagemay result during insertion of the sampler from rod bending orassembly buckling.Penetration may be limited,or damage tosamplers or rods can occur in certain ground conditions,someof which are discussed in 5.6.Information in this procedure islimited to sampling of saturated soils in perched or saturatedgroundwater conditions.Some soil formations do not yieldwater in a timely fashion for direct-push sampling.In the caseof unyielding formations direct-push soil sampling can beperformed(Guide D6282).1.6 This guide does not address installation of permanentwater sampling systems such as those presented in PracticeD5092.Direct-push monitoring wells for long term monitoringare addressed in Guide D6724 and Practice D6725.1.7 Direct-push water sampling for geoenvironmental ex-ploration will often involve safety planning,administration,and documentation.1.8 This guide does not purport to address all aspects ofexploration and site safety.It is the responsibility of the user ofthis guide to establish appropriate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations beforeits use.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Jan.15,2012.Published December 2012.Originallyapproved in 1996.Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D6001 05.DOI:10.1520/D6001-05R12.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.Un