Designation:D7128−05(Reapproved2010)StandardGuideforUsingtheSeismic-ReflectionMethodforShallowSubsurfaceInvestigation1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD7128;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.1.Scope1.1PurposeandApplication:1.1.1Thisguidesummarizesthetechnique,equipment,fieldprocedures,dataprocessing,andinterpretationmethodsfortheassessmentofshallowsubsurfaceconditionsusingtheseismic-reflectionmethod.1.1.2Seismicreflectionmeasurementsasdescribedinthisguideareapplicableinmappingshallowsubsurfaceconditionsforvarioususesincludinggeologic(1),geotechnical,hydro-geologic(2),andenvironmental(3).2Theseismic-reflectionmethodisusedtomap,detect,anddelineategeologiccondi-tionsincludingthebedrocksurface,confininglayers(aquitards),faults,lithologicstratigraphy,voids,watertable,fracturesystems,andlayergeometry(folds).Theprimaryapplicationoftheseismic-reflectionmethodisthemappingoflateralcontinuityoflithologicunitsand,ingeneral,detectionofchangeinacousticpropertiesinthesubsurface.1.1.3Thisguidewillfocusontheseismic-reflectionmethodasitisappliedtothenearsurface.Near-surfaceseismicreflectionapplicationsarebasedonthesameprinciplesasthoseusedfordeeperseismicreflectionsurveying,butac-ceptedpracticescandifferinseveralrespects.Near-surfaceseismic-reflectiondataaregenerallyhigh-resolution(dominantfrequencyabove80Hz)andimagedepthsfromaround6mtoasmuchasseveralhundredmeters.Investigationsshallowerthan6mhaveoccasionallybeenundertaken,buttheseshouldbeconsideredexperimental.1.2Limitations:1.2.1Thisguideprovidesanoverviewoftheshallowseismic-reflectionmethod,butitdoesnotaddressthedetailsofseismictheory,fieldprocedures,dataprocessing,orinterpre-tationofthedata.Numerousreferencesareincludedforthatpurposeandareconsideredanessentialpartofthisguide.Itisrecommendedthatth...
