ASTM_D_689_-_03.pdf

Designation:D 689 03An American National StandardStandard Test Method forInternal Tearing Resistance of Paper1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 689;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1 This test method measures the force perpendicular to theplane of the paper required to tear multiple sheets of paperthrough a specified distance after the tear has been started,using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester.The measured resultscan be used to calculate the approximate tearing resistance ofa single sheet.In the case of tearing a single sheet of paper,thetearing resistance is measured directly.NOTE1Similar procedures for making Elmendorf-type tear measure-ments are found in ISO 1974 and TAPPI T414.1.2 This test method is not suitable for determining thecross-directional tearing resistance of highly directional boardsand papers.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper,Paperboard,Fiberboard,or Related Products2D 646 Test Method for Grammage of Paper and Paperboard(Mass per Unit Area)2D 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor Testing2D 1749 Practice for Interlaboratory Evaluation of TestMethods Used with Paper and Paper Products2E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations32.2ISO Standard:ISO 1974 PaperDetermination of tearing resistance(Elmendorf method)42.3TAPPI Standard:TAPPI T 414 Internal TearingResistanceofPaper(Elmendorf-Type Method)53.Summary of Test Method3.1 One or more sheets of the sample material are torntogether through a fixed distance by means of the pendulum ofan Elmendorf-type tearing tester.The work done in tearing ismeasured by the loss in potential energy of the pendulum.Theinstrument scale is calibrated to indicate the average forceexerted when a certain number of plies are torn together(workdone divided by the total distance torn).4.Significance and Use4.1 This test method is widely used within the paperindustry,in conjunction with other tests of strength,as apredictor of end-use performance of a wide range of grades ofpapers.5.Apparatus5.1 Elmendorf-Type Tearing TesterSeveral types areavailable and in use throughout the world,principally those ofAustralian,British,German,Swedish,and United States manu-facture.In addition,testing practices also vary.5.2 Instrumental and Procedural VariablesInstrumentsand practices in use vary in at least two major respects:5.2.1 The Design Of The Specimen ClampsTogether withthe structural characteristics of the paper governing the natureof the tear with respect to its splitting tendencies during thetest,this has an appreciable influence on the mode of tearingand may result in significant differences(1)6.The proceduredescribed in 5.3.7 reduces this effect.The clamp designs usedby some manufacturers may vary even for their own models.Instruments are available with pneumatically activated grips aswell,which minimizes variations due to differences in clamp-ing pressures exerted by manually tightened grips.5.2.2 A Combined Variation in Testers and TestingPracticesAs measured tearing resistance increases or de-creases for different types of paper,the measurement may1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 on TestMethods.Current edition approved April 10,2003.Published June 2003.Originallyapproved in 1942 as D 689 42 T.Last previous edition apporved in 1996 asD 689 96a.Discontinued 1984 and reinstated 1992.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 15.09.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 14.02.4Available from American National Standards Institute,25 W.43rd St.,4thFloor,New York,NY 10036.5Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industrial,P.O.Box 105113,Atlanta,GA 30348.6The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.become so large or so small as to be outside the practical rangeof the instrument.This problem may be overcome in one oftwo ways;the number of sample sheets tested at one time maybe changed,or the mass of the instrument pendulum may bechanged either by adding augmenting weights or by replacingthe entire pendulum with one of a different known mass.Thetearing l