ASTM_D_828_-_97_2002.pdf

Designation:D 828 97(Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forTensile Properties of Paper and Paperboard UsingConstant-Rate-of-Elongation Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 828;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for determiningtensile properties of paper and paperboard.1.2 The procedures given in this test method are for use withconstant-rate-of-elongation tensile testing equipment and assuch,may be used with instruments designed for either verticalor horizontal operation,and whether manually operated orcomputer controlled.1.3 These procedures are applicable for all types of paper,paperboard,paper products,and related materials within themeasurement limitations of the equipment used.They are notfor use with combined corrugated board.1.4 Properties that may be determined using this test methodinclude tensile strength,stretch,tensile energy absorption,tensile stiffness,breaking length,and tensile index.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper,Paperboard,Fiberboard,and Related Products2D 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor Testing2D 987 Method of Test for Stretch of Paper and PaperProducts Under Tension3D 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products2E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error,the Average for Charac-teristic of a Lot or Process43.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod,refer to Terminology D 1968 or the Dictionary ofPaper.53.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 line contact grips,ngrips or jaws on a tensile testingmachine having a clamping zone for gripping the specimencomprised of a cylindrical and a flat surface or two cylindricalsurfaces whose axes are parallel.4.Significance and Use4.1 The tensile properties measured in this test method arefundamental properties associated with the manufacture,or enduse,or both,of paper and paper products.They may beinfluenced by,or indicative of the type fibers used or thetreatment of the fibers,or both,in a particular paper.They mayalso be influenced by or indicative of specific manufacturingprocedures used in producing a specific paper or paper product.Likewise,paper converting operations may significantly im-pact properties measured using this test method,and this testmethod may be used to measure and understand such effects.4.2 Tensile strength is indicative of the serviceability ofmany papers,such as wrapping,bag,gummed tape,and cablewrapping,that are subjected to direct tensile stress.The tensilestrength of printing papers is indicative of the potentialresistance to web breaking during printing and other convertingoperations and during travel of the web from the roll throughthe equipment.4.3 Stretch,and sometimes tensile stiffness are indicative ofthe ability of the paper to conform to a desired contour.Theseare important properties of creped papers,towels,napkins,decorative papers,industrially used paper tapes(both crepedand pleated),bags,and liners for cans,barrels,and cartons.4.4 Tensile energy absorption is a measure of the ability ofa paper to absorb energy at the strain rate of the test,and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Dec.10,1997.Published November 1998.Originallyapproved in 1945.Last previous edition approved in 1993 as D 828 93.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 15.09.3Discontinued,see 1968 Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Part 15.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 14.02.5Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,POBox 105113,Atlanta,GA 30348.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.indicates durability of papers that are subjected to repetitivestraining and stressing,such as multiwall sack papers.4.5 Tensile stiffness often gives a better indication of themechanical response of the sheet to converting forces than dotensile rupture criteria.5.Apparatus5.1 Tensil