ASTM_D_7690_-_11.pdf

Designation:D769011Standard Practice forMicroscopic Characterization of Particles from In-ServiceLubricants by Analytical Ferrography1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7690;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This practice covers the identification by optical micros-copy of wear and contaminant particles commonly found inused lubricant and hydraulic oil samples that have beendeposited on ferrograms.This practice relates to the identifi-cation of particles,but not to methods of determining particleconcentration.1.2 This practice interfaces with but generally excludesparticles generated in the absence of lubrication,such as maybe generated by erosion,impaction,gouging,or polishing.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum,PetroleumProducts,and LubricantsD7684 Guide for Microscopic Characterization of Particlesfrom In-Service LubricantsG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasion,nwear by displacement of material causedby hard particles or hard protuberances.D41753.1.2 abrasive wear,nwear due to hard particles or hardprotuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.G403.1.3 adhesive wear,nwear due to localized bondingbetween contacting solid surfaces leading to material transferbetween the two surfaces or loss from either surface.G403.1.4 break-in,nSee run-in.D4175,G403.1.5 break in,vSee run in.G403.1.6 catastrophic wear,nrapidly occurring or accelerat-ing surface damage,deterioration,or change of shape causedby wear to such a degree that the service life of a part isappreciably shortened or its function is destroyed.G403.1.7 corrosion,nchemical or electrochemical reactionbetween a material,usually a metal surface,and its environ-ment that can produce a deterioration of the material and itsproperties.D41753.1.8 corrosive wear,nwear in which chemical or electro-chemical reaction with the environment is significant.G403.1.9 debris,nin tribology,particles that have becomedetached in a wear or erosion process.G403.1.10 debris,nin internal combustion engines,solid con-taminant materials unintentionally introduced in to the engineor resulting from wear.D41753.1.11 fatigue wear,nwear of a solid surface caused byfracture arising from material fatigue.G403.1.12 fretting,nin tribology,small amplitude oscillatorymotion,usually tangential,between two solid surfaces incontact.3.1.12.1 DiscussionHere the term fretting refers only tothe nature of the motion without reference to the wear,corrosion,or other damage that may ensue.The term fretting isoften used to denote fretting corrosion and other forms offretting wear.Usage in this sense is discouraged due to theambiguity that may arise.G401This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts,Liquid Fuels,and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.96.06 on Practices and Techniques for Prediction and Determination ofMicroscopic Wear and Wear-related Properties.Current edition approved Jan.1,2011.Published March 2011.DOI:10.1520/D769011.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.1.13 fretting wear,nwear arising as a result of fretting.(See fretting.)G403.1.14 friction,nresistance to sliding exhibited by twosurfaces in contact with each other.Basically there are twofrictional properties exhibited by any surface;static frictionand kinetic friction.D41753.1.15 impact wear,nwear due to collisions between twosolid bodies where some component of the motion is perpen-dicular to the tangential plane of contact.G403.1.16 lubricant,nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.D41753.1.17 lubricating oil,nliquid lubricant,usually compris-ing several ingredients,including a major portion of base oiland minor portions of various additives.D41753.1.18 pitting,nin tribology,form of wear characterizedby the presence of surface cavities the formation of wh