ASTM_D_7712_-_11.pdf

Designation:D771211Standard Terminology forSampling and Analysis of Asbestos1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7712;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology standard is a collective vocabularyrelating to sampling and analysis of asbestos.As a convenienceto general interest,it contains most of the standard terms,definitions,and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com-mittee D22.1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied(withattribution)from the standards of origin referenced in Section2.The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the rightmargin of the applicable definition.1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprisemultiple concepts are included herein with the definitionspecific to standards and practices of Committee D22.Alter-native definitions for starred terms may be found in the USGSTabulation of Asbestos-Related Terminology,Open-File Re-port 02-458.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD2946 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProductsD5755 Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and IndirectAnalysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopyfor Asbestos Structure Number Surface LoadingD5756 Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and IndirectAnalysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopyfor Asbestos Mass Surface LoadingD6281 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration inAmbient and Indoor Atmospheres as Determined byTransmission Electron Microscopy Direct Transfer(TEM)D6480 Test Method for Wipe Sampling of Surfaces,IndirectPreparation,and Analysis for Asbestos Structure NumberSurface Loading by Transmission Electron MicroscopyD6620 Practice for Asbestos Detection Limit Based onCountsD7200 Practice for Sampling and Counting Airborne Fibers,Including Asbestos Fibers,in Mines and Quarries,byPhase Contrast Microscopy and Transmission ElectronMicroscopyD7201 Practice for Sampling and Counting Airborne Fibers,Including Asbestos Fibers,in the Workplace,by PhaseContrast Microscopy(with an Option of TransmissionElectron Microscopy)D7390 Guide for Evaluating Asbestos in Dust on Surfacesby Comparison Between Two Environments2.2 Government Standards:USGS Open-File Report 02-458 Tabulation of Asbestos-Related Terminology3.Terminologyacicular,adjthe shape shown by an extremely slender crystalwith cross-sectional dimensions that are small relative to itslength,that is,needle-like.D6281actinolite asbestos,nasbestiform variety of the monoclinicamphibole silicate minerals of the tremolite-actinolite series.D2946activity generated aerosol,na dispersion of particles in airthat have become airborne due to physical disturbances suchas human activity,sweeping,airflow,etc.D7390amosite,nthe acronym assigned to grunerite asbestos,andderived from the name of the first developers of a majordeposit of this mineral.D2946amphibole,na group of more than 60 different silicateminerals with similar crystal structures and complex com-positions that conform to the nominal formula:A021B2C5T8O22OH,F,Cl!2where:A=K,Na,Ca;B=Fe2+,Mn,Mg,Ca,Na;C=Al,Cr,Ti,Fe3+,Mg,Fe2+;andMn and T=Si,Al,Cr,Fe3+,Ti.In some varieties of amphibole,these elements can bepartially substituted by Li,Pb,Zn,Be,Ba,or Ni.Amphibolesare characterized by a complex monoclinic or orthorhombicstructure that includes a double chain of T-O tetrahedra with aT:O ratio of approximately 4:11;a variable morphology that1This terminology standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.07 on Samplingand Analysis of Asbestos.Current edition approved Sept.1,2011.Published October 2011.DOI:10.1520/D7712-11.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 ranges from columnar to prismatic to acicular to fibrous;andgood prismatic cleavage at angles of about 56 and 124.Thecleavage may not be readily exhibited by small crystals that arebound by irregular growth and fracture surfaces.D6281amphibole asbestos,nasbestiform amphibole silicate min-erals including the orthorhombic anthophyllite series and themonoclinic cummingtonite(grunerite asbestos amosite)series,the tremolite-actinolite series,and the alkali amphi-bole(riebeckite asbestos crocidolite)series,among others.DISCUSSIONThe amphiboles contain essential(OH)groups in thestructure,and the Si:O ratio is 4:11.A considerable amount ofelemental substitution can take place in these varieties of asbestos.Thecrystal structures are composed of strips or ribbons of linked polyhedralthat join to form fibrils.The individual strips are made up from threecomponents;these are two double chains of linked(Si,Al)O4 tetra