ASTM_D_7048_-_16.pdf

Designation:D704816Standard Guide forApplying Statistical Methods for Assessment and CorrectiveAction Environmental Monitoring Programs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7048;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 The scope and purpose of this guidance is to present avariety of statistical approaches for assessment,complianceand corrective action environmental monitoring programs.Although the methods provided here are appropriate and oftenoptimal for many environmental monitoring problems,they donot preclude use of other statistical approaches that may beequally or even more useful for certain site-specific applica-tions.1.2 In the following sections,the details of select statisticalprocedures used in assessment and corrective action programsfor environmental monitoring(soil,groundwater,air,surfacewater,and waste streams)are presented.1.3 The statistical methodology described in the followingsections should be used as guidance.Other methods may alsobe appropriate based on site-specific conditions or for moni-toring situations or media that are not presented in thisdocument.1.4 This practice offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action.This document cannot replace education,experience and professional judgements.Not all aspects of thispractice may be applicable in all circumstances.This ASTMstandard is not intended to represent or replace the standard ofcare by which the adequacy of a given professional servicemust be judged without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects.The word Standard in the title of this documentonly means that the document has been approved through theASTM consensus process.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and ContainedFluidsD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundwaterMonitoring WellsD5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities:Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD6250 Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Confi-dence Limit for Statistical Testing of Mean Concentrationin Waste Management DecisionsD6312 Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Ap-proaches for Groundwater Detection Monitoring Pro-grams3.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of common terms in thisguid,see Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 corrective action monitoringunder RCRA(in theUnited States),corrective action monitoring is instituted whenhazardous constituents from a RCRA regulated unit have beendetected at statistically significant concentrations between thecompliance point and the downgradient facility propertyboundary as specified under 40 CFR 264.100.Correctiveaction monitoring is conducted throughout a corrective actionprogram that is implemented to address groundwater contami-nation.At non-RCRA sites,corrective action monitoring isconducted throughout the active period of corrective action todetermine the progress of remediation and to identify statisti-cally significant trends in groundwater contaminant concentra-tions.3.2.2 false positive ratethe rate at which the statisticalprocedure indicates contamination when contamination is notpresent.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Oct.1,2016.Published October 2016.Originallyapproved in 2004.Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D704804(2010).DOI:10.1520/D7048-16.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.2.3 lognormal distributiona frequency distributionwhose logarithm follows a normal distribution.3.2.4 lower confidence limit,LCLa lower limit that has aspecified probability(for example,95%)of including the trueconcentration(or other parameter).Taken together with theupper confidence limit,forms a confidence interval that willinclude the true concentration with confidence level thataccounts for both tail areas(for example,90%).3.2.5 lower prediction limit,LPLa statistical estimate ofthe minimum conce