ASTM_D_689_-_17.pdf

Designation:D68917Standard Test Method forInternal Tearing Resistance of Paper1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D689;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1 This test method measures the force perpendicular to theplane of the paper required to tear multiple sheets of paperthrough a specified distance after the tear has been started,using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester.The measured resultscan be used to calculate the approximate tearing resistance ofa single sheet.In the case of tearing a single sheet of paper,thetearing resistance is measured directly.NOTE1Similar procedures for making Elmendorf-type tear measure-ments are found in ISO 1974 and TAPPI T414.1.2 This test method is not suitable for determining thecross-directional tearing resistance of highly directional boardsand papers.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety,health and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D646 Test Method for Mass Per Unit Area of Paper andPaperboard of Aramid Papers(Basis Weight)D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD1749 Practice for Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Meth-ods Used with Paper and Paper Products(Withdrawn2010)3E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations2.2 ISO Standard:4ISO 1974 PaperDetermination of Tearing Resistance(El-mendorf method)2.3 TAPPI Standard:5TAPPI T414 Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper3.Summary of Test Method3.1 One or more sheets of the sample material are torntogether through a fixed distance by means of the pendulum ofan Elmendorf-type tearing tester.The work done in tearing ismeasured by the loss in potential energy of the pendulum.Theinstrument scale is calibrated to indicate the average forceexerted when a certain number of plies are torn together(workdone divided by the total distance torn).4.Significance and Use4.1 This test method is widely used within the paperindustry,in conjunction with other tests of strength,as apredictor of end-use performance of a wide range of grades ofpapers.5.Apparatus5.1 Elmendorf-type Tearing TesterSeveral types are avail-able and in use throughout the world,principally those ofAustralian,British,German,Swedish,and United States manu-facture.In addition,testing practices also vary.5.2 Instrumental and Procedural VariablesInstrumentsand practices in use vary in at least two major respects:5.2.1 The Design of the Specimen ClampsTogether withthe structural characteristics of the paper governing the natureof the tear with respect to its splitting tendencies during thetest,this has an appreciable influence on the mode of tearing1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.01 on Electrical Insulating Products.Current edition approved Sept.1,2017.Published September 2017.Originallycreated by ASTM Committee D06.92 Paper and Paper Products and approved in1942.Last previous edition approved in 2003 as as D4363 03 which waswithdrawn December 2009 and reinstated September 2017.DOI:10.1520/D0689-17.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute,25 W.43rd St.,4thFloor,New York,NY 10036.5Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industrial,P.O.Box 105113,Atlanta,GA 30348.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.1 and can result in significant differences(1)6.The proceduredescr