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2023
员工
感知
高绩效
工作
系统
社会性
违规行为
影响
组织
支持
道德
气氛
作用
A research on the relationships between high performance work systems and Pro-Social Rule Breaking
Abstract: Conventional wisdom holds that violations of the organization’s formal rules are often considered to be due to employees’ anger or self-interest or disapproval of organizational goals. However, contrary to the perception of employees as self-interested, existing literature suggests that employees may be constructive in their motivation for making irregularities, such as providing better services to customers, improving their work efficiency, and helping colleagues to be more efficient. The starting point for them to make such behavior is to maximize organizational interests, having little or no benefit to themselves even may have certain risks (such as organizational punishment, or worse performance appraisal results). Therefore, for employees, pro-social rule-breaking behavior (PSRB) are actually a kind of ethical dilemma: Under certain circumstances, is it to break organizational rules in order to maximize organizational interests, or to follow established organizational rules and regulations in order to avoid punishment The decision of whether or not to reward employees who break organizational rules to satisfy customers or improve organizational performance is a difficult problem for business managers. At the same time, it is necessary for researchers to explore the mechanism of employees' PSRB at the theoretical level.
Based on social exchange theory, using a sample of 543 Chinese workers, this study examines the effect of perceived High Performance Work Systems (HPWS) on PSRB. The results indicate that: (1)Employees' perceptions of HPWS are positively related to employees' PSRB; (2)The relationship between employees' perceptions of HPWS and PSRB was partially moderated by employees' perceived organizational support (POS); (3)an organization's instrumental ethical climate and caring ethical climate positively moderate the relationship between POS and PSRB, as well as the indirect effect of HPWS on PSRB through POS; (4) an organization's rules ethical climate negatively moderates the relationship between POS and PSRB, as well as the indirect effect of HPWS on PSRB through POS. This research describes the mechanism through which perceived HPWS influence PSRB, as well as boundary conditions influencing this relationship. Guidance is also provided to managers regarding the implementation of HPWS.
This thesis contains 12 charts, 32 tables, 139 references.
Keywords: perceived high performance work systems; perceived organizational support; pro-social rule-breaking behavior; organizational ethical climate
第一章 绪 论
1.1 研究背景与意义
在动态环境下,组织规章制度的僵硬性和员工审时度势的灵活反响性间的冲突使得维稳的组织规章制度阻碍了组织的灵活开展〔徐世勇,朱金强,2023〕。在这种情况下,规那么违背行为〔如积极性偏差行为或建设性越轨行为〕在某种程度上能够促使组织管理者重新审视现有规章制度和规那么的适用性和有效性〔何立,李锐,凌文辁,2023〕,因而,为提高自身工作效率和、组织效率或维护利益相关者利益而违背组织既定规章制度、规那么的员工行为就显得十分重要。Morrison〔2023〕将员工这种有意打破组织政策、规那么或禁令,以提高组织或利益相关者利益的行为明确定义为“亲社会性违规行为〞〔Pro-Social Rule Breaking Behaviour,PSRB〕,属于工作场所中积极性偏差行为的一种。在现今的工作场所中,亲社会性违规现象数见不鲜。比方,某药房的工作人员明知规那么不允许, 仍在上下班途中为行动不便的顾客送药;又如某销售人员为满足重要客户的紧急需求,与客户签订了未经上级领导签字的销售合同,如此不仅维系了重要客户, 而且防止了给组织带来的经济损失的可能性〔何燕珍,张瑞,2023〕。
亲社会性违规行为作为一种重要的员工积极性偏差行为,近年来逐渐受到研究学者关注〔Chen,Chen,& Sheldon,2023〕。在亲社会性违规行为的影响因素研究中,一般认为其主要的影响因素包括个体因素〔如:冒险倾向〕,领导行为〔如:仁慈领导、上级-下属关系〕, 组织情境因素〔如:伦理气氛〕等〔Morrison, 2023;Dahling,Chau,& Mayer,2023;Parks,Ma,& Gallagher,2023;徐世勇,朱金强,2023〕,然现有文献较多探讨个体特征〔Morrison,2023〕和领导方式〔Dahling et al.,2023;李锐,田晓明,柳士顺,2023;徐世勇,朱金强,2023〕对亲社会性违规行为的影响,而较少关注组织情境因素中的高绩效工作系统对亲社会性违规行为的作用。相较于个体层面的研究,考察组织情境因素〔如组织因素〕更具价值,因为个体特征一旦形成便很难在短时间内改变〔何立等, 2023〕。企业中施行的高绩效工作系统与员工接触最为紧密〔Chang,Jia Takeuchi, & Cai,2023〕,比方员工参与、针对性的培训与开发、丰厚的薪酬福利等人力资源实践是员工感知到组织情境因素的重要来源。对员工而言,选择做出亲社会性违规行为可能存在一定风险〔如组织惩罚,或者更差的绩效考核结果〕〔Bolino & Grant,2023;李锐等,2023〕,所以员工会对组织是否存在支持员工产生亲社会性违规行为的气氛进行感知,并会根据感知到的结果判断是否做出亲社会性违规行为。已有研究说明,高绩效工作系统作为系统化的人力资源管理实践,对员工的工作态度和工作行为有着重要影响〔Arefin,Arif,& Raquib,2023〕。对于高绩效工作系统与员工行为和工作结果之间的关系,有研究建议使用社会交换理论来解释〔Jiang & Messersmith,2023;苗仁涛,周文霞,刘军,2023〕,然而尚未有研究尝试探讨员工感知的高绩效工作系统如何影响员工的亲社会性违规行为。
为更清晰了解员工感知的高绩效工作系统对亲社会性违规行为的作用机制, 本研究拟探讨员工感知的高绩效工作系统对亲社会性违规行为的中介机制和作用边界。高绩效工作系统的各项实践为员工提供了优质的工作资源和时机〔Lee, Pak,Kim,& Lee,2023〕,使员工感知到组织的关心和支持〔即组织支持感,Perceived Organizational Support,POS〕,并与组织产生情感依赖,为回报组织, 员工会做出对组织有利的行为,如当员工面临利于组织利益或其他相关者利益但又不符合组织现有规那么的要求时,员工会选择违背组织既定规那么来提升自身工作效率和组织效率,帮助同事更有效完成工作,满足顾客需求,为顾客提供优质效劳等〔Kehoe & Collins,2023;Kehoe & Wright,2023〕。另外,员工违背组织规那么的行为不能简单判断为“好〞或者“不好〞,做出亲社会性违规行为实际上也是一种道德选择〔Vardaman,Gondo & Allen,2023〕。高绩效工作系统能够激发员工对组织支持的感知,并将此转化为亲社会性违规行为,然而转化的过程会受到组织道德气氛〔Organizational Ethical Climate,OEC〕的约束,相关文献说明组织道德气氛对员工的道德行为和决策有显著影响〔Zoghbi & Guerra,2023;Leung,2023;Bulutlar & Öz,2023〕,因而考虑组织道德气氛对亲社会性违规行为的调节作用显得尤为重要。同时,Vardaman等〔2023〕提出了组织道德气氛影响亲社会性违规行为的理论模型假设,还需要实证检验组织道德气氛对亲社会性违规行为的影响机理。
对员工而言,亲社会性违规行为实际上是一种道德选择困境:在特定情境下,是为了最大化组织利益而违背组织规那么,还是为了免受责罚而遵循组织既定的规章制度?对组织而言,当员工为获得重要顾客的认可和组织绩效的提高而违背了组织规那么时,组织该给予该员工奖励还是惩罚?这对企业者来说是一个难题。因此探究员工亲社会性违规行为的产生机理是十分必要的。因此,本研究以社会交换理论为根底,探讨中国管理情境下员工亲社会性违规行为的影响因素。主要包括以下内容:第一,探讨员工感知的高绩效工作系统对员工亲社会性违规行