ASTM_D_7110_-_15.pdf

Designation:D711015Standard Test Method forDetermining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Usedand Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7110;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1 This test method covers how to measure the apparentviscosity of used and soot-containing engine oils at lowtemperatures.1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.2 s-1is produced atshear stresses below 200 Pa.Apparent viscosity is measuredcontinuously as the sample is cooled at a rate of 3 C per hourover the range of 5 C to 40 C.1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method areviscosity,the maximum rate of viscosity increase(GelationIndex)and the temperature at which the Gelation Index occurs.1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engineoils has not been determined in preparing this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for LiquidPetroleum ProductsD3829 Test Method for Predicting the Borderline PumpingTemperature of Engine OilD4684 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress andApparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low TemperatureD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 apparent viscosity,nthe viscosity obtained by use ofthis test method.3.1.1.1 DiscussionSee 3.1.7 for definition of viscosity andunits.3.1.2 digital contact thermometer(DCT),nan electronicdevice consisting of a digital display and associated tempera-ture sensing probe.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThis device consists of a temperaturesensor connected to a measuring instrument;this instrumentmeasures the temperature-dependent quantity of the sensor,computes the temperature from the measured quantity,andprovides a digital output,or display of the temperature,or both.This device is sometimes referred to a digital thermometer.3.1.3 Newtonian oil,nan oil that,at a given temperature,exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates or shear stresses.3.1.4 non-Newtonian oil,nan oil that,at a giventemperature,exhibits a viscosity that varies with shear stress orshear rate.3.1.5 shear rate,nvelocity gradient perpendicular to thedirection of flow.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe SI unit for shear rate is the recip-rocal second(1/s;also s-1).3.1.6 shear stress,nforce per unit area in the direction offlow.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe SI unit for shear stress is the pascal(Pa).3.1.7 viscosity,nthat property of a fluid which resists flow.3.1.7.1 DiscussionViscosity is defined as the ratio of theapplied shear stress(force causing flow)and the shear rate(resultant velocity of flow per unit distance from a stationarysurface wet by the fluid).Mathematically expressed:viscosity5 shear stress/shear rate or,symbolically,5/(1)in which the symbols in the second portion of Eq 1 aredefined by 3.1.5 and 3.1.6.The SI unit for viscosity usedherein is millipascal seconds(mPas).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products,Liquid Fuels,and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Dec.1,2015.Published December 2015.Originallyapproved in 2005.Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7110 14.DOI:10.1520/D7110-15.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.2.1 air-binding oils,nthose engine oils whose border-line pumping temperatures are determined by a combination ofgelation and viscous flow.3.2.2 borderline pumping temperature,nthat temperatureat which an engine oil may have such poor flow characteristicsthat the engine oil pump may not be capable of supplyingsufficient lubricant to the engine.3.2.3 calibration oil,nNewtonian oils developed and usedto calibrate the viscometer drive module over the viscosityrange required for this test method.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThese calibration oils are speciallyblended to give sufficient sensitivity and range f