ASTM_E_140-12b.pdf

Designation:E140-12bINTERNATIONALStandard Hardness Conversion Tables forMetals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness,VickersHardness,Rockwell Hardness,Superficial Hardness,KnoopHardness,Scleroscope Hardness,and Leeb HardnessThis standard is issued under the fixed designation E140;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(s)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope*1.6 Conversion Table 6 presents data on the relationship1.1 Conversion Table 1 presents data in the Rockwell Cbetween Rockwell hardness and Rockwell superficial hardnesshardness range on the relationship among Brinell hardness,of austenitic stainless steel sheet.Vickers hardness,Rockwell hardness,Rockwell superficial1.7 Conversion Table 7 presents data on the relationshiphardness,Knoop hardness,and Scleroscope hardness of non-among Brinell hardness,Vickers hardness,Rockwell hardness,austenitic steels including carbon,alloy,and tool steels in theRockwell superficial hardness,and Knoop hardness of copper.as-forged,annealed,normalized,and quenched and temperedconditions provided that they are homogeneous.1.8 Conversion Table 8 presents data on the relationshipamong Brinell hardness,Rockwell hardness,and Vickers1.2 Conversion Table 2 presents data in the Rockwell Bhardness of alloyed white iron.hardness range on the relationship among Brinell hardness,Vickers hardness,Rockwell hardness,Rockwell superficial1.9 Conversion Table 9 presents data on the relationshiphardness,Knoop hardness,and Scleroscope hardness of non-among Brinell hardness,Vickers hardness,Rockwell hardness,austenitic steels including carbon,alloy,and tool steels in theand Rockwell superficial hardness of wrought aluminum prod-as-forged,annealed,normalized,and quenched and tempereducts.conditions provided that they are homogeneous.1.10 Conversion Table 10 presents data in the Rockwell C1.3 Conversion Table 3 presents data on the relationshiphardness range on the relationship among Leeb(Type D)among Brinell hardness,Vickers hardness,Rockwell hardness,hardness,Brinell hardness,Vickers hardness,and RockwellRockwell superficial hardness,and Knoop hardness of nickelhardness of non-austenitic steels including carbon,alloy,andand high-nickel alloys(nickel content over 50%).Thesetool steels in the as-forged,annealed,normalized,andhardness conversion relationships are intended to apply par-quenched and tempered conditions provided that they areticularly to the following:nickel-aluminum-silicon specimenshomogeneous.finished to commercial mill standards for hardness testing,1.11 Many of the conversion values presented herein werecovering the entire range of these alloys from their annealed toobtained from computer-generated curves of actual test data.their heavily cold-worked or age-hardened conditions,includ-Most Rockwell hardness numbers are presented to the nearesting their intermediate conditions.0.1 or 0.5 hardness number to permit accurate reproduction of1.4 Conversion Table 4 presents data on the relationshipthese curves.among Brinell hardness,Vickers hardness,Rockwell hardness,1.12 Annex A1-Annex A10 contain equations to convertand Rockwell superficial hardness of cartridge brass.from one hardness scale to another.The equations given in1.5 Conversion Table 5 presents data on the relationshipAnnex Al-Annex A9 were developed from the data in Tablesbetween Brinell hardness and Rockwell B hardness of auste-1 to 9,respectively.The equations given in Annex A10 werenitic stainless steel plate in the annealed condition.developed at the time the Leeb hardness test was invented(seeAppendix X2).The data in Table 10 was calculated from theAnnex A10 equations.These conversion tables are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on1.13 Conversion of hardness values should be used onlyMechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 onwhen it is impossible to test the material under the conditionsIndentation Hardness Testing.Current edition approved Dec.1,2012.Published May 2013.Originallyspecified,and when conversion is made it should be done withapproved in 1958.Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E140-12a.DOI:discretion and under controlled conditions.Each type of10.1520/E0140-12B.hardness test is subject to certain errors,but if precautions are*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesE140-12bcarefully observed,the reliability of hardness readings made on5.Principle of Method of Conversioninstruments of the indentation type will be found comparable.Differences in sensitivity within the range of a given hardness5.1 Tests have proved that even the most reliable datascale(for example,Rockwell B)may be greater than betweencannot be fitted to a single conversion relationship for alltwo different scales or types of instruments.The conversionmetals.Indentation hardness is not a single fundamentalvalues,whether from the tables or calculated from theproperty but a combination of properties,and the contributionequations,are only approximate and may be inaccurate forof each to the hardness number varies with the type of test.Themodulus of elasticity has been shown to influence conversionsspecific application.at high hardness levels:and at low hardness levels conversions2.Referenced Documentsbetween hardness scales measuring depth and those measuring2.1 ASTM Standards:diameter are likewise influenced by differences in the modulusA956 Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of Steelof elasticity.Therefore separate conversion tables are necessaryProductsfor different materials.E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsNorE 2-Hardness conversion values for other metals based onE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-comparative test on similar materials having similar mechanical propertiesterialswill be added to this standard as the need arises.E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications6.Significance and UseE92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials6.1 The conversion values given in the tables,or calculated(Withdrawn 2010)3by the equations given in the appendixes,should only beE384 Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness ofconsidered valid for the specific materials indicated.This isMaterialsbecause conversions can be affected by several factors,includ-E448 Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallicing the material alloy,grain structure,heat treatment,etc.Materials6.2 Since the various types of hardness tests do not all3.Methods for Hardness Determinationsmeasure the same combination of material properties,conver-3.1 The hardness readings used with these conversion tablession from one hardness scale to another is only an approximateshall be determined in accordance with one of the followingprocess.Because of the wide range of variation amongASTM test methods:different materials,it is not possible to state confidence limits3.1.1 Brinell Hardness-Test Method E10.for the errors in using a conversion chart.Even in the case of3.1.2 Rockwell Hardness-Test Method E18 Scales A.B.C.a table established for a single material,such as the table forD.E.F,G.H.K.15-N.30-N.45-N.15-T.30-T.45-T.15-W.cartridge brass,some error is involved depending on compo-3.1.3 Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hardness-Test Methodsition and methods of processing.E384.3.1.4 Scleroscope 4 Hardness-Practice E448.6.3 Because of their approximate nature,conversion tablesmust be regarded as only an estimate of comparative values.It3.1.5 Leeb Hardness-Test Method A956.is recommended that hardness conversions be applied primar-NorE 1-The comparative hardness test done to generate the conver-ily to values such as specification limits,which are establishedsion tables in this standard were performed in past years using ASTM testby agreement or mandate,and that the conversion of test datamethods in effect at the time of testing.In some cases,the standards havebe avoided whenever possible(see Note 1).changed in ways that could affect the final results.For example,currentlyboth the Rockwell and Brinell hardness standards(Test MethodE10 andE18,respectively)allow or require the use of tungsten carbide ball7.Reporting of Hardness Numbersindenters;however,all of the ball scale Rockwell hardness tests(HRB,HR30T,etc.)and most of the Brinell hardness tests preformed to develop7.1 Historically when reporting converted hardnessthese tables used hardened steel ball indenters.The use of tungsten carbidenumbers,the measured hardness and test scale were alsoballs will produce slightly different hardness results than steel balls.reported in parentheses.This is still an acceptable practice as inTherefore,the user is cautioned to consider these differences and to keepthe following:in mind the approximate nature of these conversions when applying themto the results of tests using tungsten carbide balls.353 HBW(38 HRC)(1)where 353 HBW is the converted hardness value and 384.Apparatus and Reference StandardsHRC is the original measurement value and test scale.4.1 The apparatus and reference standards shall conform to7.2 Other formats for reporting converted hardness values,the description in Test Methods A956,E10,E18,E384,andsuch as data tables,may be used;however,the originalPractice E448.measurement value and test scale shall also be reported andclearly identified.2 For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org.orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM7.3 Since all converted hardness values must be consideredStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onapproximate,all converted hardness numbers shall be roundedthe ASTM website.in accordance with Practice E29 and should have no moreThe last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.significant digits than is given for the data in the applicableRegistered trademark of the Shore Instrument and Manufacturing Co.Inc.table.E140-12bTABLE 2 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Non-Austenitic Steels(Rockwell B Hardness Range).Rockwell BVickersBrinell Hard-Knoop Hard-Rockwell ARockwell FRockwell Superficial Hardness NumberRockwell BHardnessness Numberness Number.HardnessHardnessHardnessHardnessNumber,500-gf,andNumber,15-T Scale30-T Scale45-T ScaleNumber,100-kgfNumber3000-kgt,Number.Over60-k0f(HV)(HBS)60-kgf.15-kgf,30-kgf,45-kgf,100-kat(HRB)(HK)(HRA)(HRF)(HR 15-T)(HR 30-T)(HR45-T(HRB)1024024025161.593.183.772.910023423424660.992.882.571.99228228260.292.5870.99886628959.569.958980468.921021058.39179.867.957.61.279.166.9.0%78.465.956864.85.8.163.855.2.976462.84333290696839666584638266083137161541312170696876第90畅镜（话1饭2修低检场盘审1449饮低饮/做饮/话12121911611511005001饭091话1饭12场储板绿场：饭场1材141408131话：2191灯1话12111911888085348.959.888.658.8143016125052388.25788450.689854655554144448.986.351.84686.0450.885.649.847.385.399.685.0671499.184.745.38844.89783.794888644好813543.395.682.761.740.8666546392909688866554689886098765113210696676654382682.439.882.138.76468266111241.859.741.481859.0740.9.881.158.435.781240.440.0883476010710712039.591.180.156.432.70