ASTM_E_1732_-_12.pdf

Designation:E173212Standard TerminologyRelating to Forensic Science1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and correspondingdefinitions used in the forensic sciences.Legal or scientificterms that are generally understood or defined adequately inother readily available sources may not be included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a Discussion.It is reviewed every fiveyears,and the year of last review or revision is appended.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstandards organization or ASTM committee are identified withthe abbreviation of the name of the organization or theidentifying document and ASTM committee;for example,ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.21.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field areidentified with an abbreviation.32.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment(Withdrawn 2006)5E1301 Guide for Proficiency Testing by InterlaboratoryComparisons(Withdrawn 2012)5E1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation inThermal Analysis2.2 ISO Standards:6ISO 3534:1993(E/F)StatisticsVocabulary and SymbolsPart 1:Probability and General Statistical TermsPart 2:Statistical Quality ControlISO 9000:2005(E)StandardQualityManagementSystemsFundamentals and VocabularyISO Guide 2 General Terms and Their Definitions Relatingto Standardizing ActivitiesISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference MaterialsISO Guide 35 Reference MaterialsGeneral and StatisticalPrinciples for CertificationISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Mea-surement(GUM)2.3 Other Sources:EURACHEMThe Fitness for Purpose of AnalyticalMethods,EURACHEM Working Group,English EditionIAAI Glossary Glossary of Terms Related to Chemical andInstrumental Analysis of Fire Debris,IAAI ForensicScience Committee7IUPAC Terminology IUPAC Compendium of ChemicalTerminology,Second Edition,19973.Significance and Use3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensicsciences.In addition,a hierarchy of sources of definitions wereused in the development of this terminology.The hierarchy isas follows:Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary;technicaldictionaries;and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Defini-tions.8The subcommittee developed a suitable definition afterall of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.4.Terminology4.1 Definitions:accelerant,nany material used to initiate or promote thespread of a fire.The most common accelerants are flam-mable or combustible liquids.Whether a substance is an1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 onForensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 onTerminology.Current edition approved June 15,2012.Published July 2012.Originallyapproved in 1995.Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1732 11b.DOI:10.1520/E1732-12.2Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM SubcommitteeE30.92.3Abbreviations are as follows:CRIM=criminalistics,QD=questioneddocuments,ENGR=engineering,TOX=toxicology,PB=pathology/biology,ANTH=anthropology,and ODEN=odentology.4For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.6Available from International Organization for Standardization(ISO),1,ch.dela Voie-Creuse,CP 56,CH-1211 Geneva 20,Switzerland,http:/www.iso.org.7Available from the International Association of Arson Investigators,Inc.(IAAI),2111 Baldwin Avenue,Suite 203,Crofton,MD 21114,http:/.8ASTM Committee on Terminology,Compilation of ASTM StandardDefinitions,7th ed.,Philadelphia,PA:ASTM,1990.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 accelerant depends not on its chemical structure but on itsuse.IAAI Glossaryaccuracy,nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand the accepted reference value.E177DISCUSSION(1)In practice,the accepted reference value is substi-tuted for the true value.(2)The term accuracy,when applied to a set of test or measure-ment results,involves a combination of random components and acommon systematic error or bias component.(3)Accuracy refers to a combination of trueness and precision.ISO 3534:1993(E/F)associative evidence,nthat evidence w