ASTM_E_2225_-_10.pdf

Designation:E222510Standard Guide forForensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2225;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 The intent of this guide is to assist individuals andlaboratories conducting examinations of fabrics and cordage.Itis not designed as a detailed methods description or protocolfor the analysis and comparison of fabric and cordageevidence,but as a guide to an acceptable procedure tostrengthen the usefulness of the analytical method.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and RelatedDocumentationE1492 Practice for Receiving,Documenting,Storing,andRetrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science LaboratoryE2228 Guide for Microscopical Examination of Textile Fi-bers2.2 AATCC Standards:3AATCC Test Method 20:Qualitative Test Method 202007Fiber Analysis:Qualitative3.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology D123.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cordagetwine,ropes,and cords,collectively.3.2.2 corefibers or other textile materials running length-wise through the center of a cordage.3.2.3 coursein knitted fabrics,a row of successive loopsin the width direction of the fabric.3.2.4 crownthe raised portion of a strand in a twistedcordage.3.2.5 fabrica planar textile structure produced by interlac-ing yarns,fibers,or filaments.3.2.6 fiberin textiles,a generic term for any one of thevarious types of matter that form the basic elements of a textileand that is characterized by having a length at least 100 timesits diameter.3.2.7 filamentin textiles,a continuous fiber of extremelylong length.3.2.8 knitted fabrica structure produced by interloopingone or more ends of yarn or comparable material.3.2.9 nonwoven fabrica textile structure produced bybonding or interlocking of fibers,or both,accomplished bymechanical,chemical,thermal,or solvent means,or combina-tions thereof.3.2.10 pitchthe number of crowns per inch of the samestrand.3.2.11 plythe number of single yarns twisted together toform a plied cord;an individual yarn in a plied yarn or cord.3.2.12 selvagethe narrow edge of woven fabric that runsparallel to the warp;it is made with stronger yarns in a tighterconstruction than the body of the fabric to prevent raveling.3.2.13 staple fibernatural fibers or cut lengths from fila-ments.3.2.14 strandfilaments or yarns twisted together or laidparallel to form a unit for further twisting or plaiting intocordage.3.2.15 tracera marker(such as color-coded yarns orlabels)integrated into the manufacture of a cord that assists inidentifying the manufacturer.3.2.16 twist direction(lay)the direction of twist in yarns isindicated by the capital letters S and Z;yarn with an S-twist isseen when a yarn is held vertically and the plies spiral aroundits central axis slope in the same direction as the middle portionof the letter S,and Z-twist is seen when the plies slope in thesame direction as the middle portion of the letter Z.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.Current edition approved Sept.15,2010.Published October 2010.Originallyapproved in 2002.Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E2225 02.DOI:10.1520/E2225-10.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC),P.O.Box 12215,Research Triangle Park,NC 27709,http:/www.aatcc.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.2.17 walein knitted fabrics,a column of successiveloops in the length direction of the fabric;in woven fabrics,oneof a series of raised portions or ribs lying warpwise in thefabric.3.2.18 warpthe set of yarn in all woven fabrics that runslengthwise and parallel to the selvage and is interwoven withthe filling.3.2.19 weft(filling)in a woven fabric,the yarn runningfrom selvage to selvage at right angles to the warp.3.2.20 woven fabricgenerally used to refer to fabric com-posed of two sets of yarns,warp and weft(filling),that isformed by weaving,which is the interlacing of these sets ofyarns.3.2.21 yarna generic term for a continuous strand oftextile fibers,filaments,or material in a form suitable forknitting,weaving,or otherwi