ASTM_E_2060_-_06_2014.pdf

Designation:E206006(Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forUse of Coal Combustion Products for Solidification/Stabilization of Inorganic Wastes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2060;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide covers methods for selection and applicationof coal combustion products(CCPs)for use in the chemicalstabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater.Theseelements include,but are not limited to,arsenic,barium,boron,cadmium,chromium,cobalt,lead,molybdenum,nickel,selenium,vanadium,and zinc.Chemical stabilization may beaccompanied by solidification of the waste treated.Solidifica-tion is not a requirement for the stabilization of many traceelements,but does offer advantages in waste handling and inreduced permeability of the stabilized waste.1.1.1 Solidification is an important factor in treatment ofwastes and especially wastewaters.Solidification/Stabilization(S/S)technology is often used to treat wastes containing freeliquids.This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizingagent without the addition of other materials;however,stabi-lization or chemical fixation may also be achieved by usingcombinations of CCPs and other products such as lime,limekiln dust,cement kiln dust,cement,and others.CCPs usedalone or in combination with other reagents promote stabiliza-tion of many inorganic constituents through a variety ofmechanisms.These mechanisms include precipitation ascarbonates,silicates,sulfates,and so forth;microencapsulationof the waste particles through pozzolanic reactions;formationof metal precipitates;and formation of hydrated phases(1-4).2Long-term performance of the stabilized waste is an issue thatmust be addressed in considering any S/S technology.In thisguide,several tests are recommended to aid in evaluating thelong-term performance of the stabilized wastes.1.2 The CCPs that are suited to this application include flyash,spent dry scrubber sorbents,and certain advanced sulfurcontrol by-products from processes such as duct injection andfluidized-bed combustion(FBC).1.3 The wastes or wastewater,or both,containing theproblematic inorganic species will likely be highly variable,sothe chemical characteristics of the waste or wastewater to betreated must be determined and considered in the selection andapplication of any stabilizing agent,including CCPs.In anywaste stabilization process,laboratory-scale tests for compat-ibility between the candidate waste or wastewater for stabili-zation with one or more selected CCPs and final waste stabilityare recommended prior to full-scale application of the stabi-lizing agent.1.4 This guide does not intend to recommend full-scaleprocesses or procedures for waste stabilization.Full-scaleprocesses should be designed and carried out by qualifiedscientists,engineers,and environmental professionals.It isrecommended that stabilized materials generated at the full-scale stabilization site be subjected to testing to verify labora-tory test results.1.5 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a componentof a pollution prevention program;Guide E1609 describespollution prevention activities in more detail.Utilization ofCCPs in this manner conserves land,natural resources,andenergy.1.6 This guide applies only to CCPs produced primarilyfrom the combustion of coal.It does not apply to ash or othercombustion products derived from the burning of waste;municipal,industrial,or commercial garbage;sewage sludge orother refuse,or both;derived fuels;wood waste products;ricehulls;agricultural waste;or other noncoal fuels.1.7 Regulations governing the use of CCPs vary by state.The user of this guide has the responsibility to determine andcomply with applicable regulations.1.8 It is recommended that work performed under this guidebe designed and carried out by qualified scientists,engineers,and environmental professionals.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment,Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.03 on Beneficial Use.Current edition approved Dec.1,2014.Published February 2015.Originallyapproved in 2000.Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F2060 06.DOI:10.1520/E2060-06R14.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthe text.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 2.Referenced Documents