ASTM_E_2195_-_09.pdf

Designation:E219509Standard Terminology Relating to theExamination of Questioned Documents1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2195;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology standard includes terms that relate tothe examination performed by forensic document examiners.NOTE1The terms in the Terminology Section refer to typicalcopybook styles of writing and do not account for exceptional forms.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic DocumentExaminers3.Terminologyapex,nthe uppermost point of a character.ascender,na stroke that rises above the height of the body ofthe letter formation.assisted hand signature,na signature executed by a writerwhile the writers hand,arm,or writing instrument issteadied or stabilized by another.awkward hand,nsee unaccustomed hand.baseline,nthe ruled or imaginary line upon which writing ortypewriting appears to rest.character,nany language symbol(for example,letter,nu-meral,punctuation mark,or other sign),other symbol orornament.connecting stroke,na line joining two adjacent characters.cross stroke,na stroke that crosses another portion of thecharacter and is not attached at either end.(For example,thehorizontal stroke of the“t”)(cf.crossbar).crossbar,na stroke that intersects other portions of thecharacter at both ends.(cf.arm and cross stroke).cursive,na type of writing in which the letters are joined andthe writing instrument is not lifted after most strokes.descender,na stroke that extends below the baseline of thebody of the letter formationdrag stroke,na stroke resulting from incomplete lifting ofthe pen.guided signature,na signature executed by a writer while awriters hand arm,or writing instrument is influenced orcontrolled by another.hand printing,na style of writing in which the letters are notjoined and the writing instrument is lifted after most strokes.hesitation,na pause in the writing without the instrumentbeing lifted.individualizing characteristic,nmarks or properties thatserve to individualize writing.indentations,nlatent or visible impressions in paper or othermedia.line quality,nthe sum total of the attributes of the writingmovement(for example,speed,pressure,and skill).loop,na formation that curves and crosses itself.manuscript,nsee handprinting.model signature,na signature that is used as a prototype fora simulation or copy,by manual electronic or other means.patching,nretouching a portion of a written stroke.pen lift,nan interruption in a stroke caused by removing thewriting document from the writing surface.pen position,nthe relationship between the writing instru-ment and the writing surface.pen pressure,nthe force with which the writing instrumentcontacts the paper.retrace,na stroke written back over the preceding stroke inthe reverse direction.unaccustomed hand,nthe opposite hand(or other bodypart)from that normally used for writing.1This terminology standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90 onExecutive.Current edition approved Nov.1,2009.Published January 2010.Originallyapproved in 2002.Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E2195 021.DOI:10.1520/E2195-09.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard.Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the riskof infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting A