ASTM_E_2390_-_06.pdf

Designation:E 2390 06Standard Guide forExamination of Documents Produced with TonerTechnology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2390;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used byforensic document examiners(Guide E 444)for examinationsof documents produced with toner technology,and relatedprocedures.1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-tion is of questioned and known item(s)or of exclusivelyquestioned item(s).1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiencyof the material available for examination.1.4 The particular methods used in a given case will dependupon the nature and sufficiency of the material available forexamination.1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of unusual oruncommon examinations.1.6 These methods are applicable to examinations involvingphotocopiers,printers,facsimile devices,and multifunctiondevices using toner technology.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 444 Descriptions of Scope of Work Relating to ForensicDocument ExaminersE 1658 Terminology for Expressing Conclusions of Foren-sic Document ExaminersE 1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE 2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-tioned DocumentsE 2291 Guide for Indentation ExaminationsF 221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made TherefromF 909 Terminology Relating to PrintersF 1125 Terminology of Image Quality in Impact PrintingSystemsF 1156 Terminology Relating to Product Counterfeit Pro-tection Systems3F 1424 Test Method for Estimating Toner Usage in Full-Color Copiers Utilizing Dry Mono-or-Dual-ComponentTonersF 1434 Practice for Estimating the Performance of a FuserOil in an Electrostatic Copier or PrinterF 909 Terminology Relating to PrintersF 1457 Terminology Relating to Laser Printers3.Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms in this guide,refer to Termi-nologies E 1658,E 1732,and E 2195.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 aliasing,nsee pixilation.3.2.2 black write,nprocess in electrostatic printing inwhich the photoconductive element is charged with a charge ofthe same sign as that of the toner.A light beam,used like a“stylus”is used to discharge only those areas that are to receivetoner to form the image.In the development process,thecharged background areas repel the like charged toner to thedischarged areas on the photoconductor.F 9093.2.3 bridging,vclumping of toner that causes a hollowarea in the toner supply that prevents the free flow of toner tothe dispenser auger.F 14573.2.4 corona,ndevice used to place a uniform electricalcharge on the surface of a xerographic photoreceptor.F 14573.2.5 dielectric printing process,nnonimpact printingtechnique in which specially treated paper consisting of aconductive base layer coated with a nonconductive thermoplas-tic material is used to hold an electric charge usually applieddirectly by a set of electrode styli.The electric charge corre-sponds to the latent image of the original.Following thecharging step,the paper is imaged by a toner system similar tothat of electrostatic copying devices.This technique is some-times called electrographic,and is currently used on general1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on QuestionedDocuments.Current edition approved Jan.15,2006.Published February 2006.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.purpose non impact printers,plotting and facsimile devices.F 9093.2.5.1 DiscussionBridging is a different phenomenonfrom the image quality bridging as defined in TerminologyF 1125.3.2.6 dry toner,nmaterial in a dry developer systemwhich when deposited on a substrate by the field of anelectrostatic charge pattern,becomes the visible record.F 14573.2.7 dual-component development,nmixture of dry tonerand iron oxide developer that is used for developing electro-static images in copiers.F 14243.2.8 electrophotographic printer,nnonimpact printingtechnique that is similar to the technology used in a typicaloffice copier,which forms a copy by attracting toner particlesto a