ASTM_E_1733_-_95_2014.pdf

Designation:E173395(Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forUse of Lighting in Laboratory Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1733;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 The use of artificial lighting is often required to studythe responses of living organisms to contaminants in a con-trolled manner.Even if the test organism does not require light,the investigator will generally need light to manipulate thesamples,and the test might be conducted under the ambientlight of the laboratory.One will need to consider not onlywhether the particular test organism requires light for growth,but also whether the environmental compartment relevant tothe test is exposed to light and,if so,what the attributes of lightare in that compartment.The light could affect growth of theorganism or toxicity of a contaminant,or both.For instance,ithas been shown that the toxicity of some organic pollutants isenhanced dramatically by the ultraviolet(UV)radiation presentin sunlight(1,2).2Furthermore,the level of ambient lighting inthe laboratory(which might affect the test)is not standardized,nor is it comparable to natural environments.It is thusimportant to consider lighting in all forms of environmentaltesting.When light is used in the test,one should determinewhether the spectral distribution of the radiation source mimicssunlight adequately to be considered environmentally relevant.Also,the container or vessel for the experiment must betransparent,at the point of light entry,to all of the spectralregions in the light source needed for the test.1.2 It is possible to simulate sunlight with respect to thevisible:UV ratio with relatively inexpensive equipment.Thisguide contains information on the types of artificial lightsources that are commonly used in the laboratory,composi-tions of light sources that mimic the biologically relevantspectral range of sunlight,quantification of irradiance levels ofthe light sources,determination of spectral outputs of the lightsources,transmittance properties of materials used for labora-tory containers,calculation of biologically effective radiation,and considerations that should go into designing a relevantlight source for a given test.1.3 Special needs or circumstances will dictate how a givenlight source is constructed.This is based on the requirements ofthe test and the environmental compartment to which it istargeted.Using appropriate conditions is most important forany experiment,and it is desirable to standardize these condi-tions among laboratories.In extreme cases,tests using unusuallighting conditions might render a data set incomparable toother tests.1.4 The lighting conditions described herein are applicableto tests with most organisms and using most chemicals.Withappropriate modifications,these light sources can be usedunder most laboratory conditions with many types of labora-tory vessels.1.5 The attributes of the light source used in a given studyshould list the types of lamps used,any screening materials,thelight level as an energy fluence rate(in W m2)or photonfluence rate(in mol m2s1),and the transmission propertiesof the vessels used to hold the test organism(s).If it is relevantto the outcome of a test,the spectral quality of the light sourceshould be measured with a spectroradiometer and the emissionspectrum provided graphically for reference.1.6 The sections of this guide are arranged as follows:TitleSectionReferenced Documents2Terminology3Summary of Guide4Significance and Use5Safety Precautions6Lamps7Artificial Lighting7.1Light Sources7.2Construction of Artificial Light Sources that Mimic Sunlight8Sunlight8.2Visible Light8.2Visible Light Plus UV-B Radiation8.3Simulated Solar Radiation8.4Transmission Properties of Lamp Coverings and Laboratory Vessels9Lamp Coverings9.2Laboratory Vessels9.3Measurement of Light10Light Components10.1Measurement of Light Quantity10.2Spectroradiometry10.3Biologically Effective Radiation11Considerations for Designing Light Sources for Environmental Testing121.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment,Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.Current edition approved Oct.1,2014.Published December 2014.Originallyapproved in 1995.Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E173395(2008).DOI:10.1520/E1733-95R14.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 1.8 Thi