ASTM_E_2282_-_14_2019.pdf

Designation:E228214(Reapproved 2019)An American National StandardStandard Guide forDefining the Test Result of a Test Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2282;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidelines foridentifying the elements that comprise the test result of a testmethod and to illustrate how these elements combine into thetest result.1.2 Types of measurement scales used for expressing obser-vations and test results are discussed.1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 35342 StatisticsVocabulary and Symbols,Part 2:Applied Statistics3.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor a more extensive list of terms in E11standards,refer to Terminology E456.3.1.1 binary scale,nnominal scale with only two possiblecategories.3.1.2 characteristic,na property of items in a sample orpopulation which,when measured,counted or otherwiseobserved,helps to distinguish between the items.3.1.3 interval scale,ncontinuous scale or discrete scalewith equal sized scale values and an arbitrary zero.ISO 353423.1.4 nominal scale,nscale with unordered labeled cat-egories or ordered by convention.ISO 353423.1.5 observation,nthe process of obtaining informationregarding the presence or absence of an attribute of a testspecimen,or of making a reading on a characteristic ordimension of a test specimen.3.1.5.1 DiscussionObservation is also associated with theattribute or measurement information obtained from the pro-cess.The term“observed value”is preferred for this secondusage.3.1.6 observed value,nthe value obtained by making anobservation.3.1.7 ordinalscale,nscalewithorderedlabeledcategories.ISO 353423.1.8 ratio scale,ncontinuous scale with equal sized scalevalues and an absolute or natural zero point.ISO 353423.1.8.1 DiscussionRatio scales consist of only non-negative values.3.1.9 scale,nsystemofreferencevaluesforacharacteristic.ISO 353423.1.10 test determination,nthe value of a characteristic ordimension of a single test specimen derived from one or moreobserved values.3.1.11 test method,na definitive procedure that producesa test result.3.1.11.1 DiscussionExamples of test methods include,butare not limited to:identification,measurement,and evaluationof one or more qualities,characteristics,or properties.ASTM Regulations 2.2.623.1.12 test observation,nsee observation.3.1.13 test result,nthe value of a characteristic obtainedby carrying out a specified test method.3.1.13.1 DiscussionThe test method specifies that one or anumber of individual observations be made,and their averageor another appropriate function,(such as the median or the1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality andStatistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test MethodEvaluation and Quality Control.Current edition approved April 1,2019.Published April 2019.Originallyapproved in 2003.Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E2282 14.DOI:10.1520/E2282-14R19.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization(ISO),1,ch.dela Voie-Creuse,Case postale 56,CH-1211,Geneva 20,Switzerland,http:/www.iso.ch.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.1 standard deviation),be reported as the test result.It can alsorequire standard corrections to be applied,such as correction ofgas volumes to standard temperature and pressure.Thus,a testresult can be a result calculated from several observed values.In the simple case,the test result is the observed value itself.ISO 353423.1.14 test specimen,nthe portion of a test unit needed toobtain a single test determination.3.1.14.1 DiscussionWhen used