ASTM_E_1207_-_14.pdf

Designation:E120714Standard Guide forSensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1207;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide provides procedures which may be used inthe design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess theintensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substanti-ating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.1.2 This guide includes protocols for the selection andtraining of assessors,selection of subjects,experimentaldesign,and statistical analyses.This practice is limited toassessment of axillary odor by trained assessors.Self-evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks butmay be less sensitive.1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor,three groupsof secretory glands are present in the axillae which participateto a greater or lesser extent in its productioneccrine,apocrine,and sebaceous.Axillary odor has been primarilyascribed to the apocrine gland secretion(1).2Body odorintensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretoryportion of the apocrine gland(2)and the density of the glands.1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillaryvault in conjunction with axillary hairs(3).Pure apocrinesweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results fromdegradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria(4).High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of thebody,especially in the axillae,providing the appropriateenvironment for growth(5).1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through ther-mally and emotionally induced secretions(6).1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weightlipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materialsresulting from bacterial action(7).The aerobic diphtheroidsare able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and themicrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor whenincubated with apocrine sweat(8).Therefore,the most unde-sirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation ofapocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in theaxillary vault.1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily fortheir ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only bythe individual using the product but also by individuals withinthe scope of contact.Deodorant protection may be achieved bythese products through various modes of action.Antiperspi-rants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action ofinorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat.Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting thegrowth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thusreducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the conse-quent production of body odor.Absorbents function either by“binding”available moisture or malodorous substances.Fra-grances are effective by altering the perception of malodor andincreasing the degree of“pleasantness.”Other modes ofcontrol become important from time to time,representingchanges in the state-of-the-art in product development.1.5 The studies discussed herein are interpreted through theuse of statistical tests of hypotheses.These hypotheses areusually of the form:The Deodorant Efficacy of Treatment A=The Deodorant Efficacy of Treatment B1.5.1 It should be noted that failure to reject this hypothesisat a specified level of significance does not prove thehypothesis,but merely that the weight of evidence provided bythe experiment is not sufficient to reject the hypothesis.Thiscould occur because either:a)The hypothesis is close to truthand great experimental power would be required to reject it,orb)The experiment by design was low in power and,therefore,incapable of rejecting the hypothesis;even when it is far fromtrue.This can occur due to design structure or low sample size.These facts must be taken into consideration when interpretingstudy results.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E253 Terminology Relating to Sensory Evaluation of Mate-rials and ProductsE1697 Test Method for Unipolar Magnitude Estimation ofSensory Attributes1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on SensoryEvaluation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.07 on PersonalCare and Household Evaluation.Current edition approved March 1,2014.Published March 2014.Originallyapproved in 1987.Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1207 09.DOI:10.1520/E1207-14.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM