ASTM_E_1778_-_98a_2015.pdf

Designation:E177898a(Reapproved 2015)Standard Terminology Relating toPavement Distress1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1778;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology provides definitions for pavementdistress for airfields,highways,roads,streets,and parking lotsof all functional classifications.1.2 This terminology covers surfaces paved with eitherbituminous or portland cement concrete.It does not includeother paved or unpaved surfaces.1.3 This terminology includes most of the significant typesof pavement surface distresses,but it is not all inclusive.1.4 Not all distresses noted are applicable to all pavementcategories listed in 1.1.1.5 Severity levels are not addressed in this terminology butare addressed in other ASTM test methods and practices(forexample,Test Method D5340).However,a knowledge ofseverity levels is required for evaluating many of the distressesdefined in this terminology.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5340 Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition IndexSurveys3.TerminologyGENERALbituminous pavement,na pavement comprising an upperlayer or layers of aggregate mixed with a bituminous binder,such as asphalt,coal tars,and natural tars for purposes of thisterminology;surface treatments such as chip seals,slurryseals,sand seals,and cape seals are also included.continuously reinforced concrete pavement(CRCP),nPortland cement concrete pavement with sufficient lon-gitudinal steel reinforcement to control transverse crackspacings and openings in lieu of transverse contraction jointsfor accommodating concrete volume changes and loadtransfer.crack,nfissure or discontinuity of the pavement surface notnecessarily extending through the entire thickness of thepavement.depression,nlocalized pavement surface areas at a lowerelevation than the adjacent paved areas.free edge,nan unrestrained pavement boundary.joint,na discontinuity made necessary by design or byinterruption of a paving operation.joint seal deterioration,nany condition which enablesincompressible materials or water to infiltrate into a previ-ously sealed joint from the surface.DISCUSSIONAbility to prevent water infiltration is an attribute thatcannot always be readily determined visually.jointed concrete pavement(JCP),n Portland cement con-crete pavement that has transverse joints placed at plannedintervals.lane-to-shoulder dropoff,n(highways,roads and streetsonly)difference in elevation between the traveled surfaceand the shoulder surface.longitudinal cracking,ncracks in the pavement predomi-nantly parallel to the direction of traffic.pavement distress,nexternal indications of pavement de-fects or deterioration.portland cement concrete pavement,n a pavement havinga surface of aggregate mixed with portland cement pastebinder or a mixture of portland cement and other pozzolans.pumping,n ejection of liquid or solid material or both frombeneath the pavement through a crack or joint.shoving,n the horizontal displacement of a localized area ofthe pavement surface which may also include some verticaldisplacement.DISCUSSIONGenerally associated with turning,braking or acceler-ating vehicles.Can also be due to concrete expansion against adjacentbituminous pavement.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle-Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.42 onPavement Management and Data Needs.Current edition approved May 1,2015.Published August 2015.Originallyapproved in 1996.Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1778 98a(2008).DOI:10.1520/E1778-98AR15.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 slippage cracking,n cracking associated with the horizontaldisplacement of a localized area of the pavement surface.swell,na hump in the pavement surface that may occur overa small area or as a longer,gradual wave;either type of swellcan be accompanied by surface cracking.transverse cracking,ncracks in the pavement that arepredominantly perpendicular to the direction of traffic.BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT DISTRESSESalligator(crocodile)cracking,n interconnected or inter-laced cracks forming a pattern which resembles an alliga-tors hide.bituminous bleeding,n excess bitumen on the surface of thepavement,usually found in the wheel paths.block cracking,na pattern of cracks that divide the pave-ment into approximately rectangular pieces,ranging in sizefrom approximately 0.1 m2to 1.0 m2(1 ft2to 100 ft2).corrugation,n