ASTM_D_998_-_94.pdf

Designation:D 998 94Standard Test Method forPenetration of Liquids into Submerged Loaded ShippingContainers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 998;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amountor extent of penetration of liquids into finished packages orcontainers when closed and sealed for shipment.The test maybe applied to small or shelf-size packages or to bulk-sizecontainers,as required.1.2 This test method may be used in conjunction with othertests made prior to or after compression,drop,impact resis-tance,drum,vibration,or actual shipping tests.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-ments23.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod,refer to Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 penetration of liquid into submerged containerforthe purposes of this test,the amount or extent of penetration ofliquid through(as distinguished from amount,if any,absorbedby the container itself)(1)the sealed closure,(2)the seams orjoints included in the structure of the container,or(3)the bodyor walls of the container.4.Significance and Use4.1 This test method is frequently used in conjunction withother tests made prior to or after the liquid penetration test,such as the Drop Test,Impact Resistance Test,CompressionTest,Vibration Test,and Drum Test,for the following pur-poses:4.1.1 To evaluate materials and constructions for a specifictype of container,4.1.2 To compare performance of different types of contain-ers,4.1.3 To determine adequacy of protection for a specificproduct of application,and4.1.4 To maintain quality control.NOTE1Since this test is broad in scope and may involve widevarieties of materials and containers,considerable judgment and discre-tion will be necessary in applying the test procedure,in examining,evaluating,and interpreting the results.5.Apparatus and Materials5.1 LiquidThe liquid used shall be water unless thespecial nature of the test shall require the use of some otherliquid.All liquids used shall be at a temperature of 73.46 3.6F(23 6 2C)for the duration of the test.5.2 Submerging TankA suitable watertight tank or vesselof sufficient size to submerge one or more of the test contain-ers,as specified in 7.2,shall be used.The tank shall beequipped with means of suspending or supporting the testcontainers at varying or predetermined positions as specified inSection 7 and shall be constructed to provide well-distributed,even support for the test containers so that stresses due toweight or to bouyancy when immersed are not concentratedand excessive.Panels made of narrow slats with roundedbearing edges and spaced as closely as required should provesatisfactory.5.3 Weighing EquipmentSubmersion tests may or may notinclude mass observations during the progress of the test,asspecified or required.When mass observations are required,scales shall be provided capable of weighing accurately to0.1%of the combined mass of container and contents and shallbe so arranged that masses may be observed without disturbingthe container unduly during the test.6.Test Specimens6.1 Test specimens shall be representative of the packagesunder test and shall be closed and sealed in the normal manner.If material used in filling containers differs from that normallypacked,it shall have similar physical characteristics of massper unit of volume,absorptive characteristics,flow,granularstructure,etc.The container and contents shall be allowed toreach a temperature of 73.4 6 3.6F(23 6 2C)before testing.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.23 on NaturalEnvironment Test Methods.Current edition approved May 15,1994.Published July 1994.Originallypublished as D 998 48 T.Last previous edition D 998 86.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 15.09.1AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS100 Barr Harbor Dr.,West Conshohocken,PA 19428Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.Copyright ASTMNOTICE:This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.Contact ASTM International(www.astm.org)for the latest information.7.Procedure7.1 Before starting the test,carefully and accurately recordthe mass of materials packed and the mass of the filled andclosed container.All mass observat