ASTM_E_1000_-_98_2009.pdf

Designation:E100098(Reapproved 2009)Standard Guide forRadioscopy1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1000;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide is for tutorial purposes only and to outline thegeneral principles of radioscopic imaging.1.2 This guide describes practices and image quality mea-suring systems for real-time,and near real-time,nonfilmdetection,display,and recording of radioscopic images.Theseimages,used in materials examination,are generated bypenetrating radiation passing through the subject material andproducing an image on the detecting medium.Although thedescribed radiation sources are specifically X-ray and gamma-ray,the general concepts can be used for other radiationsources such as neutrons.The image detection and displaytechniques are nonfilm,but the use of photographic film as ameans for permanent recording of the image is not precluded.NOTE1For information purposes,refer to Terminology E1316.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific safetyprecautionary statements,see Section 6.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E142 Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Test-ing(Withdrawn 2000)3E747 Practice for Design,Manufacture and Material Group-ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators(IQI)Used for RadiologyE1025 Practice for Design,Manufacture,and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-dicators(IQI)Used for RadiologyE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness inRadiology2.2 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure-ment(NCRP)Standards:NCRP 49Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation forMedical Use of X Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies upto 10 MeV4NCRP 51Radiation Protection Design Guidelines for0.1100 MeV Particle Accelerator Facilities4NCRP 91,(supercedes NCRP 39)Recommendations onLimits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation42.3 Federal Standard:Fed.Std.No.21-CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements forCabinet X-Ray Machines53.Summary of Guide3.1 This guide outlines the practices for the use of radio-scopic methods and techniques for materials examinations.It isintended to provide a basic understanding of the method andthe techniques involved.The selection of an imaging device,radiation source,and radiological and optical techniques toachieve a specified quality in radioscopic images is described.4.Significance and Use4.1 Radioscopy is a versatile nondestructive means forexamining an object.It provides immediate information re-garding the nature,size,location,and distribution ofimperfections,both internal and external.It also provides arapid check of the dimensions,mechanical configuration,andthe presence and positioning of components in a mechanism.Itindicates in real-time the presence of structural or componentimperfections anywhere in a mechanism or an assembly.Through manipulation,it may provide three-dimensional in-formation regarding the nature,sizes,and relative positioningof items of interest within an object,and can be furtheremployed to check the functioning of internal mechanisms.Radioscopy permits timely assessments of product integrity,1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology(X and Gamma)Method.Current edition approved June 1,2009.Published July 2009.Originally approvedin 1989.Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E1000-98(2003).DOI:10.1520/E1000-98R09.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from NCRP Publications,7010 Woodmont Ave.,Suite 1016,Bethesda,MD 20814.5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk,Bldg.4 Section D,700Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia,PA 19111-5094,Attn:NPODS.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 and allows prompt disposition of the product based on accep-tance standards.Although closely related to the radiographicmethod,it has much lower operating costs in terms of time,manpower,and material.4.2 Long-term records of the radioscopic image may beobtained through motion-picture recording(cinefluorography),video recording,or“still”photographs using co