ASTM_D_93_-_20.pdf

Designation:D9320Designation:34/99Standard Test Methods forFlash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D93;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis flash point test method is a dynamic test method which depends on specified rates of heatingto be able to meet the precision of the test method.The rate of heating may not in all cases give theprecision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of some materials.Thereare flash point test methods with slower heating rates available,such as Test Method D3941(forpaints,resins,and related products,and high viscosity products in the range of 0 C to 110 C),wherethe test conditions are closer to equilibrium.Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design,the condition of the apparatus used,andthe operational procedure carried out.Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standardtest method,and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by differenttest methods,or with test apparatus different from that specified.1.Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flashpoint of petroleum products in the temperature range from40 C to 370 C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cupapparatus or an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cupapparatus,and the determination of the flash point of biodieselin the temperature range of 60 C to 190 C by an automatedPensky-Martens closed cup apparatus.NOTE1Flash point determinations above 250 C can be performed,however,the precision has not been determined above this temperature.For residual fuels,precision has not been determined for flash pointsabove 100 C.The precision of in-use lubricating oils has not beendetermined.Some specifications state a D93 minimum flash point below40 C,however,the precision has not been determined below thistemperature.1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels(diesel,biodiesel blends,kerosine,heating oil,turbine fuels),new andin-use lubricating oils,and other homogeneous petroleumliquids not included in the scope of Procedure B or ProcedureC.1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils,cutbackresidua,used lubricating oils,mixtures of petroleum liquidswith solids,petroleum liquids that tend to form a surface filmunder test conditions,or are petroleum liquids of such kine-matic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under thestirring and heating conditions of Procedure A.1.4 Procedure C is applicable to biodiesel(B100).Since aflash point of residual alcohol in biodiesel is difficult to observeby manual flash point techniques,automated apparatus withelectronic flash point detection have been found suitable.1.5 These test methods are applicable for the detection ofcontamination of relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable ma-terials with volatile or flammable materials.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.6.1 ExceptionThe values given in parentheses are forinformation only.NOTE2It has been common practice in flash point standards for manydecades to alternately use a C-scale or an F-scale thermometer fortemperature measurement.Although the scales are close in increments,they are not equivalent.Because the F-scale thermometer used in thisprocedure is graduated in 5 F increments,it is not possible to read it tothe 2 C equivalent increment of 3.6 F.Therefore,for the purposes ofapplication of the procedure of the test method for the separate tempera-ture scale thermometers,different increments must be used.In this testmethod,the following protocol has been adopted:When a temperature isintended to be a converted equivalent,it will appear in parenthesesfollowing the SI unit,for example 370 C(698 F).When a temperature1These test methods are under the joint jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products,Liquid Fuels,and Lubricants and are the direct responsibilityof Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility.In the IP,these test methods are under thejurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.Current edition approved Aug.1,2020.Published August 2020.Originallyapproved in 1921.Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D93 19.DOI:10.1520/D0093-20.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technica