_RP_2A-WSD-2014_2020.pdf

Planning,Designing,and Constructing Fixed Offshore PlatformsWorking Stress DesignAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2A-WSDTWENTY-SECOND EDITION,NOVEMBER 2014?Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature.With respect to particular circumstances,local,state,and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees,subcontractors,consultants,committees,or other assignees make anywarranty or representation,either express or implied,with respect to the accuracy,completeness,or usefulness of theinformation contained herein,or assume any liability or responsibility for any use,or the results of such use,of anyinformation or process disclosed in this publication.Neither API nor any of APIs employees,subcontractors,consultants,or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so.Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure theaccuracy and reliability of the data contained in them;however,the Institute makes no representation,warranty,orguarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss ordamage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication mayconflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven,sound engineering and operatingpractices.These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgmentregarding when and where these publications should be utilized.The formulation and publication of API publicationsis not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standardis solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard.API does not represent,warrant,or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved.No part of this work may be reproduced,translated,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise,without prior written permission from the publisher.Contact the Publisher,API Publishing Services,?.Copyright 2014 American Petroleum InstituteForewordThis document contains engineering design principles and good practices that have evolved during the developmentof offshore oil resources.Good practice is based on good engineering;therefore,this recommended practice consistsessentially of good engineering recommendations.In no case is any specific recommendation included that could notbe accomplished by presently available techniques and equipment.Consideration is given in all cases to the safety ofpersonnel,compliance with existing regulations,and antipollution of water bodies.U.S.customary(USC)conversionsof primary metric(SI)units are provided throughout the text of this publication in parentheses,for example,150 mm(6 in.).Most of the converted values have been rounded for most practical usefulness;however,precise conversionshave been used where safety and technical considerations dictate.In case of dispute,the SI units should govern.Offshore technology continues to evolve.In those areas where the committee felt that adequate data were available,specific and detailed recommendations are given.In other areas,general statements are used to indicate thatconsideration should be given to those particular points.Designers are encouraged to utilize all research advancesavailable to them.As offshore knowledge continues to grow,this recommended practice will be revised.It is hopedthat the general statements contained herein will gradually be replaced by detailed recommendations.Reference in this document is made to the 1989 edition of the AISC Specification for Structural Steel BuildingsAllowable Stress Design and Plastic Design.The use of later editions of AISC specifications is specifically notrecommended for design of offshore platforms.The load and resistance factors in these specifications are based oncalibration with building design practices and may not be applicable to offshore platforms.Research work is now inprogress to incorporate the strength provisions of the new AISC code into offshore design practices.In this document,reference is made to AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2010,Structural Welding CodeSteel.While use of thisedition is endorsed,the primary intent is that the AWS code be followed for the welding and fabrication of fixed offshoreplatforms.However,where specific guidance is given in this API document,this guidance should take precedence.This edition supersedes the 21st Edition dated December 2000,as well as Errata and Supplement 1 dated December2002,Errata and Supplement 2 dated September 2005,and Errata and Supplement 3 dated October 2007.Revisionbars are not used for this edition fo