_RP_2A-LRFD-2019.pdf

Planning,Designing,and Constructing Fixed Offshore PlatformsLoad and Resistance Factor DesignAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2A-LRFD SECOND EDITION,AUGUST 2019ii Special Notes API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature.With respect to particular circumstances,local,state,and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees,subcontractors,consultants,committees,or other assignees make any warranty or representation,either express or implied,with respect to the accuracy,completeness,or usefulness of the information contained herein,or assume any liability or responsibility for any use,or the results of such use,of any information or process disclosed in this publication.Neither API nor any of APIs employees,subcontractors,consultants,or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so.Every effort has been made by the Institute to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them;however,the Institute makes no representation,warranty,or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven,sound engineering and operating practices.These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized.The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard.API does not represent,warrant,or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved.No part of this work may be reproduced,translated,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise,without prior written permission from the publisher.Contact the publisher,API Publishing Services,200 Massachusetts Avenue,NW,Washington,DC 20001.Copyright 2019 American Petroleum Institute iii Foreword This document contains engineering design principles and good practices that have evolved during the development of offshore oil resources.Good practice is based on good engineering;therefore,this recommended practice consists essentially of good engineering recommendations.In no case is any specific recommendation included that could not be accomplished by presently available techniques and equipment.Consideration is given in all cases to the safety of personnel,compliance with existing regulations,and antipollution of water bodies.Offshore technology continues to evolve.In those areas where the committee felt that adequate data were available,specific and detailed recommendations are given.In other areas,general statements are used to indicate that consideration should be given to those particular points.Designers are encouraged to utilize all research advances available to them.As offshore knowledge continues to grow,this document will be revised.It is hoped that the general statements contained herein will gradually be replaced by detailed recommendations.The verbal forms used to express the provisions in this standard are as follows:the term“shall”denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the standard;the term“should”denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the standard;the term“may”is used to express permission or a provision that is optional;the term“can”is used to express possibility or capability.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right,by implication or otherwise,for the manufacture,sale,or use of any method,apparatus,or product covered by letters patent.Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard.Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards,American Petroleum Institute,200 Massachusetts Avenue,NW,Washington,DC 20001.Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally,API standards are reviewed and revised,