_API_TR_10TR2-1997_2002.pdf

Shrinkage and Expansion in OilwellCementsAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 10TR2FIRST EDITION,JULY 1997REAFFIRMED,SEPTEMBER 2002ener光1AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTENo roproduction or notworking permitled without liconso from IHSNot for RosaleSTD.API/PETRO TR 10TR2-ENGL 1997 0732290 0568185 T1bSPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature.With respect to partic-ular circumstances,local,state,and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers,manufacturers,or suppliers towarn and properly train and equip their employees,and others exposed,concerning healthand safety risks and precautions,nor undertaking their obligations under local,state,orfederal laws.Information conceming safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer,the manufacturer orsupplier of that material,or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right,byimplication or otherwise,for the manufacture,sale,or use of any method,apparatus,or prod-uct covered by letters patent.Neither should anything contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally,API standards are reviewed and revised,reaffirmed,or withdrawn at least everyfive years.Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle.This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or,where an extension has been granted,upon republication.Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the API Authoring Department telephone(202)682-8000.A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updatedquarterly by API,1220L Street,N.W.,Washington,D.C.20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard.Questions conceming the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the director of the Authoring Department(shown on the titlepage of this document),American Petroleum Institute,1220 L Street,N.W.,Washington,D.C.20005.Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the materialpublished herein should also be addressed to the director.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven,sound engineer-ing and operating practices.These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized.The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard.API does not represent,warrant,or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved.No part of this work may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,ortransmitted by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise,without prior written permission from the publisher.Contact the Publisher.API Publishing Services,1220 L Street,N.W.,Washington,D.C.20005.Copyright 1997 American Petroleum Institutewithout license from IHSNot for ResaleSTD.API/PETRO TR 10TR2-ENGL 1997 0732290 056816b 952FOREWORDDimensional change after placement in oil and gas well cements,a phenomenon oftenreferred to as shrinkage,has often been used to explain various problems(e.g.,microannulusleading to bad cement bond logs,interzonal communication leading to costly remedial jobsand also lack of a seal to the gas of cement inflatable packers).Attempts have been made tofind additives to decrease shrinkage,but it seems that shrinkage(as well as the exothermalreaction)are closely related to the hydration of the cement.The best solution for this shrink-age so far has been the identification of additives that favor the expansion of the cement.However,even if cement expands dimensionally,it still will shrink internally.In this case,the bulk expansion of the cement sample is simply superposed on an inner shrinkage thatwill affect the porosity of the sample.Shrinkage is not just one property of cement,such asrheology or thickening time that can be defined by one measurement.This is probably whylittle consensus has been reached today in the industry on this important issue,in spite of alarge amount of work devoted to the subject.In 1994,API proposed to open a work group on shrinkage.This report is an attempt tobring more understanding to this important area of cementing.One of the objectives of thework group was also to propose equipment to investigate shrinkage and expansion in oilwellcements.This report will address the objectives of that task group,which were:To develop standardized test procedures to measure expansion/shrinkage.To investigate possible impacts on invasion of wellbore fluids(gas,water).To standardize definitions of terms for cement hydration.This report is a summary of all the background information and actual data that were gen-erated to meet the objectives outlined above.The equipment described in the report is the minimum recommended to measure theparameters in question.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so.Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them;however,theInstitute makes no representation,warranty,or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal,state,or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Explorationand Production Department,American Petroleum Institute,1220 L Street,N.W.,Washing-ton.D.C.20005.ted without license from IHSNot for月esatSTD.API/PETRO TR 10TR2-ENGL 1997 0732290 0568187 899CONTENTSPage1INTRODUCTION.2REFERENCES.I3DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS.I3.】Definitions.13.2List of Symbols.4 DISCUSSION OF SHRINKAGE AND EXPANSION.14.1 Cause and Results of Shrinkage and Expansion.15EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.45.1 The Annular Expansion Ring:A Measurement of Linear ExpansionUnder Conditions of Free Access to Water.45.2 The Cylindrical Sleeve:A Measurement of Bulk Expansion UnderConditions of Free Access to Water.45.3The Membrane:A Measurement of Bulk Shrinkage or Bulk ExpansionUnder Impermeable Conditions.75.4 The CHA:A Measurement of Inner Shrinkage Under Free Access to Gas.76 DATA ANALYSIS.146.1Annular Ring and Linear Bar.146.2Sleeve and Membrane Tests.146.3CHA Tests157RESULTS INTERPRETATION.157.1 General Comments About the Expansion.7.2Neat Slurries.157.3Influence of Foaming Agent and Entrapped Air.167.4Conclusion,167.5Action of an Expanding Agent.167.6Porosity Effect.167.7Research of Possible Trends.178C0 NCLUSION.17APPENDIX A-SUGGESTED REFERENCES.51Figures1Cement Hydration.32The Annular Expansion Mold.53Measurement of Cement Expansion.64Measurement of Cement Shrinkage(or Expansion).85Experiment1.96Experiment2.117Experiment3.12Cement Hydration Analyzer.139CHA:Shrinkage Measurement-Test G4.310CHA:Shrinkage Measurement-Test P3.3911 Action of Expansion Agent-Expansion as a Function of Shrinkage.4without license from IHSNot for Resale