_API_Publ_4714-2002.pdf

FOREWORDAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature with respect to particularcircumstances,local,state,and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers,manufacturers,or suppliers to warnand properly train and equip their employees,and others exposed,concerning health andsafety risks and precaution,nor undertaking their obligations under local,state,or federallaws.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be considered as granting any right,byimplication or otherwise,for the manufacture,sale,or use of any method,apparatus,orproduct converted by letters patent.neither should anything contained in the publication beconstrued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so.Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them;however,theInstitute makes no representation,warranty,or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal,state,or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to Regulatory and Scientific AffairsDepartment,American Petroleum Institute,1220 L Street,N.W.,Washington,D.C.20005.All rights reserved.No part of this work may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,ortransmitted by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise,without prior written permission from the publisher:Contact the Publisher,API Publishing Services,1220 L Street,N.W.,Washington,D.C.20005.Copyright 2002 American Petroleum InstituteTABLE OF CONTENTSSectionPage0 OVERVIEW.1 INTRODUCTION.II.I What are PAHs?.I2SOURCES OF PAHS,.22.1 Primary Sources of PAHs.23 PAHS IN THE ENVIRONMENT.43.1 PAHEnvironmental Delivery Systems.43.2 Overview of Concentrations in the Environment.74 PAHTRANSPORT AND FATE.84.1 Transport.84.2 Fate Processes.85ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS.115.1Sources of Human Exposure.115.2 Human Health Effects.125.2.1 Non-carcinogenic Effects.135.2.2 Carcinogenic Effects.145.2.3Regulatory Levels.155.3 Ecological Effects.55.3.1 Bioavailability and Uptake.165.3.2 Regulatory Standards Related to PAH Ecological Effects.175.3.3 Guidance on Screening Methods for Ecological Effects.186CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PAHS.196.1PAH Analytical Goals and Targets.196.2Analytical Methods.206.3PAH Source Identification(Fingerprinting)and Allocation.226.4 Analytical Efficiency and Costs.22APPENDIX A25REFERENCES.27Figures2-1 Perylene,a Five-Ringed Diagenic PAH.32-2 Phenanthrene.32-3 Representative Distribution of Alkylated PAHs Formed atDifferent Temperatures.324 Retene.43-1 PAHs in Alaska North Slope Crude Oil.65-1 Relative Doses of Carcinogenic PAHs.136-1 Comparison of PAH Analyses with Two Different Target Lists.216-2 Schematic of Top-Level PAH Fingerprinting and Allocation Approach.23A-1 Structures of the 16 Priority Pollutant PAHs.27