2023年一份改变您健康观念的演讲转.docx

一份改变您健康观念的演讲(转) philipzimbardo：thepsychologyoftimeiwanttosharewithyousomeideasaboutthesecretpoweroftime，inaveryshorttime. video：allright，starttheclockplease.30secondsstudio.keepitquietplease.settledown.it'sabouttime.endsequence.takeone.15secondsstudio.2023，nine，eight，seven，six，five，four，three，two... philipzimbardo。let'stuneintotheconversationoftheprincipalsinadam'stemptation."comeonadam，don'tbesowishy-washy.takeabite.""idid.""onebite，adam.don'tabandoneve.""idon'tknow，guys.idon'twanttogetintrouble.""okay.onebite.whatthehell。"（laughter） lifeistemptation.it'sallaboutyielding，resisting，yes，no，now，later，impulsive，reflective，presentfocusandfuturefocus.promisedvirtuesfallpreytothepassionsofthemoment. ofteenagegirlswhopledgedsexualabstinenceandvirginityuntilmarriage--thankyougeorgebush--themajority，60percent，yieldedtosexualtemptationswithinoneyear.andmostofthemdidsowithoutusingbirthcontrol.somuchforpromises. nowletstemptfour-year-olds，givingthematreat.theycanhaveonemarshmallownow.butiftheywaituntiltheexperimentercomesback，theycanhavetwo.ofcourseitpays，ifyoulikemarshmallows，towait.whathappensistwo-thirdsofthekidsgiveintotemptation.theycannotwait.theothers，ofcourse，wait.theyresistthetemptation.theydelaythenowforlater. waltermischel，mycolleagueatstanford，wentback14yearslater，totrytodiscoverwhatwasdifferentaboutthosekids.therewereenormousdifferencesbetweenkidswhoresistedandkidswhoyielded，inmanyways.thekidswhoresistedscored250pointshigheronthesat.that'senormous.that'slikeawholesetofdifferentiqpoints.theydidn'tgetinasmuchtrouble.theywerebetterstudents.theywereself-confidentanddetermined.andthekeyformetoday，thekeyforyou，is，theywerefuture-focusedratherthanpresent-focused. sowhatistimeperspective。that'swhati'mgoingtotalkabouttoday.timeperspectiveisthestudyofhowindividuals，allofus，dividetheflowofyourhumanexperienceintotimezonesortimecategories.andyoudoitautomaticallyandnon-consciously.theyvarybetweencultures，betweennations，betweenindividuals，betweensocialclasses，betweeneducationlevels.andtheproblemisthattheycanbecomebiased，becauseyoulearntoover-usesomeofthemandunder-usetheothers. whatdeterminesanydecisionyoumake。youmakeadecisiononwhichyou'regoingtobaseanaction.forsomepeopleit'sonlyaboutwhatisintheimmediatesituation，whatotherpeoplearedoingandwhatyou'refeeling.andthosepeople，whentheymaketheirdecisionsinthatformat--we'regoingtocallthem"present-oriented，"becausetheirfocusiswhatisnow. forothers，thepresentisirrelevant.it'salwaysabout"whatisthissituationlikethati've experiencedinthepast。"sothattheirdecisionsarebasedonpastmemories.andwe'regoingtocallthosepeople"past-oriented，"becausetheyfocusonwhatwas. forothersit'snotthepast，it'snotthepresent，it'sonlyaboutthefuture.theirfocusisalwaysaboutanticipatedconsequences.cost-benefitanalysis.we'regoingtocallthem"future-oriented."theirfocusisonwhatwillbe. so，timeparadox，iwanttoargue，theparadoxoftimeperspective，issomethingthatinfluenceseverydecisionyoumake，you'retotallyunawareof.namely，theextenttowhichyouhaveoneofthesebiasedtimeperspectives.wellthereisactuallysixofthem.therearetwowaystobe present-oriented.thereistwowaystobepast-oriented，twowaystobefuture.youcanfocusonpast-positive，orpast-negative.youcanbepresent-hedonistic，namelyyoufocusonthejoysoflife，orpresent-fatalist--itdoesn'tmatter，yourlifeiscontrolled.youcanbefuture-oriented，settinggoals.oryoucanbetranscendentalfuture：namely，lifebeginsafterdeath.developingthementalflexibilitytoshifttimeperspectivesfluidlydependingonthedemandsofthesituation，that'swhatyou'vegottolearntodo. so，veryquickly，whatistheoptimaltimeprofile。highonpast-positive.moderatelyhighon future.andmoderateonpresent-hedonism.andalwayslowonpast-negativeandpresent-fatalism.sotheoptimaltemporalmixiswhatyougetfromthepast--past-positivegivesyouroots.youconnectyourfamily，identityandyourself.whatyougetfromthefutureiswingstosoartonewdestinations，newchallenges.whatyougetfromthepresenthedonismistheenergy，theenergytoexploreyourself，places，people，sensuality. anytimeperspectiveinexcesshasmorenegativesthanpositives.whatdofuturessacrificeforsuccess。theysacrificefamilytime.theysacrificefriendtime.theysacrificefuntime.theysacrificepersonalindulgence.theysacrificehobbies.andtheysacrificesleep.soitaffectstheirhealth.andtheyliveforwork，achievementandcontrol.i'msurethatresonateswithsomeofthetedsters.（laughter） anditresonatedforme.igrewupasapoorkidinthesouthbronxghetto，asicilianfamily--everyonelivedinthepastandpresent.i'mhereasafuture-orientedpersonwhowentoverthetop，whodidallthesesacrificesbecauseteachersintervened，andmademefutureoriented.toldmedon'teatthatmarshmallow，becauseifyouwaityou'regoingtogettwoofthem，untililearnedtobalanceout.i'veaddedpresent-hedonism，i'veaddedafocusonthepast-positive，so，at76yearsold，iammoreenergeticthanever，moreproductive，andi'mhappierthanihaveeverbeen. ijustwanttosaythatweareapplyingthistomanyworldproblems：changingthedrop-outratesofschoolkids，combatingaddic