2023年新课程背景下的化学实验教学的方法路径.doc

:// aketyn / :// daiyinjinshu / 新课程背景下的化学实验教学的方法路径 Under the background of new curriculum chemistry experimental teaching method of path 实验是高中化学课程的重要组成局部，无论是必修教材还是选修教材，都将化学实验作为学生获取知识、开展能力的重要途径。但在教学现实中，由于新课程知识内容大量增加、教学课时减少、高考难度并没有降低等原因，使得实验这一“软模块〞成了被挤压的对象。学生实验能力明显下降，学科素养明显滑坡。加强实验教学，并切实落实在教学行为上，具有重要的现实意义。 Experiment is an important part of high school chemistry curriculum, whether compulsory teaching material or elective textbooks, will all the chemical experiment for students to acquire knowledge, develop ability of important ways. But in the reality of teaching, because of increased knowledge content of new curriculum, teaching hours, difficulty of the college entrance examination did not decrease, makes the experiment object of "soft module" has been squeezed. Students experimental ability decreased obviously, subject quality decline. Strengthen experiment teaching, and practical implementation in teaching behavior, has important practical significance. 一、全面规划，统筹实验教学内容 One, comprehensive planning, experimental teaching contents as a whole 新课程突出了实验教学的地位，强化了实验在各章节中的引领、研究、获取结论、应用结论的作用。教学中，必须对实验教学内容进行全面规划，统筹安排，使之既与化学知识的教学密切配合，为讲解新知识提供鲜明、生动的感性认识，又能有步骤、循序渐进地培养学生的实验能力。 New curriculum highlights the position of experiment teaching, to strengthen the experiment led in the chapters, research and conclusion, the application effect is obtained. Teaching, experiment teaching content must be comprehensive planning, overall arrangement, make the teaching closely cooperate with both the knowledge of chemistry, to explain the new knowledge provides a bright and vivid perceptual knowledge, and step by step, gradually cultivate the students' experiment ability. 以苏教版高中化学必修1的教学为例，我们设想将实验能力的培养分为三个阶段： To Sue version of high school chemistry compulsory teaching 1 as an example, we assume the experimental ability is divided into three stages: 第一阶段，在初中化学的根底上进行根本操作训练，培养学生掌握操作、观察、描述、记录的方法和能力。根据教材内容，具体安排如下实验：〔1〕药品取用、加热、溶解、过滤、结晶、粗盐提纯；〔2〕萃取分液、蒸发蒸馏、纸上层析、白酒度数的测定；〔3〕常见胶体的制备、常见阴阳离子检验；〔4〕溶液配制。将单项训练与综合练习相结合，根本操作与具体实验相结合的方法，可以使学生的操作技能在具体实验中得到运用，较好地调动学生学习的积极性，防止出现因单纯进行根本操作训练使学生学习兴趣下降的现象。 Conducted on the basis of the first stage, in the junior middle school chemistry basic operation training, trains the student to master the methods of operation, observation, description and record and ability. Experiment according to the teaching material content, specific arrangement as follows: (1) drug use, heating, dissolving, filtration, crystallization and purification of coarse salt; (2) the upper extraction liquid evaporation, distillation, paper chromatography, wine degree determination; (3) common gel preparation, common ion of Yin and Yang of inspection; (4) solution preparation. Combining individual training and comprehensive practice, basic operation combined with a concrete experiment method, can make the students' skills in the concrete to be used in the experiments, the better to mobilize the enthusiasm of students learning, prevent from simple basic operation training so that the students interest in learning decline phenomenon. 第二阶段，通过一定数量的演示实验、边讲边实验、学生独立实验，在稳固强化单项操作技能的同时，培养学生按照实验步骤独立完成简单实验的能力，同时学会凭借分析、综合、抽象、概括等思维活动得出实验结论的方法。根据教材内容，具体安排如下实验：〔1〕常见金属及其化合物〔钠、镁、铝和氧气的反响，铝、氧化铝、氢氧化铝的两性，铁的氢氧化物的制备，碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠与酸及稳定性比拟，焰色反响等〕；〔2〕氯气和二氧化硫性质的比拟〔氯水分别与淀粉—KI、NaOH、等的反响，的制取及性质等〕；〔3〕氨气和硝酸〔氨气的制备喷泉实验，N与水的反响，铜和浓、稀硝酸的反响等〕。这一阶段，宜淡化学生实验与演示实验的界限，尽量将学生实验融于新课程的教与学的全过程，充分发挥实验在激发兴趣、引发思维、形成概念、理解理论、探究性质中的重要作用。 The second stage, through a certain number of demonstration experiment, talking and experiment, students independent experiment, while also strengthen individual skills, training students in accordance with the experimental steps do simple experiment independently, at the same time learn to rely on analysis and synthesis, abstraction and generalization method of thinking activity experiment conclusion. Experiment according to the teaching material content, specific arrangement as follows: (1) the common metals and their compounds (sodium, magnesium, aluminum and oxygen reaction, amphoteric aluminum, alumina, aluminum hydroxide, the preparation of iron hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate compared with acid and stability, flame color reaction, etc.); Comparison (2) the nature of chlorine and sulfur dioxide, chlorine water respectively with starch - KI, NaOH, reaction, the preparing and properties, etc.); (3) ammonia and nitrate, ammonia preparation fountain experiment, N reaction with water, the copper and thick, thin nitric acid reaction, etc.). This one phase, should be played down the boundaries of students experiment and demonstration experiment, student experiment try to dissolve into the whole process of teaching and learning of the new curriculum, and give full play to the experiment on stimulating interest, thinking, concept formation, understanding theory, explore the important role of character. 第三阶段，重点是培养学生设计实验的能力。要求学生独立设计实验方案、完成实验操作、记录和分析现象、得出结论，培养学生应用知识解决简单的实际问题的能力。这一阶段，主要由教师根据教学内容或实验中的异常现象提出问题，让学生围绕化学