电力系统质量[ 2 ].pdf

Electrical Power Systems Quality,Second Edition CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION What is Power Quality?Power Quality-Voltage Quality Why Are We Concerned About Power Quality?The Power Quality Evaluation Procedure Who Should Use This Book Overview of the Contents CHAPTER 2:TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Need for a Consistent Vocabulary General Classes of Power Quality Problems Transients Long-Duration Voltage Variations Short-Duration Voltage Variations Voltage Imbalance Waveform Distortion Voltage Fluctuation Power Frequency Variations Power Quality Terms Ambiguous Terms CBEMA and ITI Curves References CHAPTER 3:VOLTAGE SAGS AND INTERRUPTIONS Sources of Sags and Interruptions Estimating Voltage Sag Performance Fundamental Principles of Protection Solutions at the End-User Level Evaluating the Economics of Different Ride-Through Alternatives Motor-Starting Sags Utility System Fault-Clearing Issues References CHAPTER 4:TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES Sources of Transient Overvoltages Principles of Overvoltage Protection Devices for Overvoltage Protection Utility Capacitor-Switching Transients Utility System Lightning Protection Managing Ferroresonance Switching Transient Problems with Loads Computer Tools for Transients Analysis References CHAPTER 5:FUNDAMENTALS OF HARMONICS Harmonic Distortion Voltage versus Current Distortion Harmonics versus Transients Harmonic Indexes Harmonic Sources from Commercial Loads Harmonic Sources from Industrial Loads Locating Harmonic Sources System Response Characteristics Effects of Harmonic Distortion Interharmonics References Bibliography CHAPTER 6:APPLIED HARMONICS Harmonic Distortion Evaluations Principles for Controlling Harmonics Where to Control Harmonics Harmonic Studies Devices for Controlling Harmonic Distortion Harmonic Filter Design:A Case Study Case Studies Standards of Harmonics References Bibliography CHAPTER 7:LONG-DURATION VOLTAGE VARIATIONS Principles of Regulating the Voltage Devices for Voltage Regulation Utility Voltage Regulator Application Capacitors for Voltage Regulation End-User Capacitor Application Regulating Utility Voltage with Distributed Resources Flicker References Bibliography CHAPTER 8:POWER QUALITY BENCHMARKING Introduction Benchmarking Process RMS Voltage Variation Indices Harmonics Indices Power Quality Contracts Power Quality Insurance Power Quality State Estimation Including Power Quality in Distribution Planning References Bibliography CHAPTER 9:DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND POWER QUALITY Resurgence of DG DG Technologies Interface to the Utility System Power Quality Issues Operating Conflicts DG on Distribution Networks Siting DGDistributed Generation Interconnection Standards Summary References Bibliography CHAPTER 10:WIRING AND GROUNDING Resources Definitions Reasons for Grounding Typical Wiring and Grounding Problems Solutions to Wiring and Grounding Problems Bibliography CHAPTER 11:POWER QUALITY MONITORING Monitoring Considerations Historical Perspective of Power Quality Measuring Instruments Power Quality Measurement Equipment Assessment of Power Quality Measurement Data Application of Intelligent Systems Power Quality Monitoring Standards References Index 1IntroductionBoth electric utilities and end users of electric power are becomingincreasingly concerned about the quality of electric power.The termpower quality has become one of the most prolific buzzwords in thepower industry since the late 1980s.It is an umbrella concept for a mul-titude of individual types of power system disturbances.The issuesthat fall under this umbrella are not necessarily new.What is new isthat engineers are now attempting to deal with these issues using asystem approach rather than handling them as individual problems.There are four major reasons for the increased concern:1.Newer-generation load equipment,with microprocessor-based con-trols and power electronic devices,is more sensitive to power qual-ity variations than was equipment used in the past.2.The increasing emphasis on overall power system efficiency hasresulted in continued growth in the application of devices such ashigh-efficiency,adjustable-speed motor drives and shunt capacitorsfor power factor correction to reduce losses.This is resulting inincreasing harmonic levels on power systems and has many peopleconcerned about the future impact on system capabilities.3.End users have an increased awareness of power quality issues.Utility customers are becoming better informed about such issues asinterruptions,sags,and switching transients and are challengingthe utilities to improve the quality of power delivered.4.Many things are now interconnected in a network.Integratedprocesses mean that the failure of any component has much moreimportant consequences.Chapter1Source:Electrical Power Systems QualityDownloaded from Digital Engineering Library McGraw-Hill()Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies.All rights reserved.Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.The common thread running though all these reas