高压工程基础.pdf

High Voltage EngineeringFundamentalsHigh Voltage EngineeringFundamentalsSecond editionE.KuffelDean Emeritus,University of Manitoba,Winnipeg,CanadaW.S.ZaenglProfessor Emeritus,Electrical Engineering Dept.,Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,Zurich,SwitzerlandJ.KuffelManager of High Voltage and Current Laboratories,Ontario Hydro Technologies,Toronto,CanadaNewnesOXFORDAUCKLANDBOSTONJOHANNESBURGMELBOURNE NEW DELHINewnesAn imprint of Butterworth-HeinemannLinacre House,Jordan Hill,Oxford OX2 8DP225 Wildwood Avenue,Woburn,MA 01801-2041A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing LtdFirst published 1984 by Pergamon PressReprinted 1986Second edition 2000,published by Butterworth-HeinemannE.Kuffel and W.S.Zaengl 1984E.Kuffel,W.S.Zaengl and J.Kuffel 2000All rights reserved.No part of this publicationmay be reproduced in any material form(includingphotocopying or storing in any medium by electronicmeans and whether or not transiently or incidentallyto some other use of this publication)without thewritten permission of the copyright holder exceptin accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of alicence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,90 Tottenham Court Road,London,England W1P 9HE.Applications for the copyright holders written permissionto reproduce any part of this publication should be addressedto the publishersBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of CongressISBN 0 7506 3634 3Typeset by Laser Words,Madras,IndiaPrinted in Great BritainContentsPreface to second editionxiPreface to first editionxvChapter 1Introduction11.1 Generation and transmission of electric energy11.2 Voltage stresses31.3 Testing voltages51.3.1 Testing with power frequency voltages51.3.2 Testing with lightning impulse voltages51.3.3 Testing with switching impulses61.3.4 D.C.voltages61.3.5 Testing with very low frequency voltage7References7Chapter 2Generation of high voltages82.1 Direct voltages92.1.1 A.C.to D.C.conversion102.1.2 Electrostatic generators242.2 Alternating voltages292.2.1 Testing transformers322.2.2 Series resonant circuits402.3 Impulse voltages482.3.1 Impulse voltage generator circuits522.3.2 Operation,design and construction of impulse generators662.4 Control systems74References75Chapter 3Measurement of high voltages773.1 Peak voltage measurements by spark gaps783.1.1 Sphere gaps793.1.2 Reference measuring systems91viContents3.1.3 Uniform field gaps923.1.4 Rod gaps933.2 Electrostatic voltmeters943.3 Ammeter in series with high ohmic resistors and high ohmic resistor voltagedividers963.4 Generating voltmeters and field sensors1073.5 The measurement of peak voltages1093.5.1 The ChubbFortescue method1103.5.2 Voltage dividers and passive rectifier circuits1133.5.3 Active peak-reading circuits1173.5.4 High-voltage capacitors for measuring circuits1183.6 Voltage dividing systems and impulse voltage measurements1293.6.1 Generalized voltage generation and measuring circuit1293.6.2 Demands upon transfer characteristics of the measuring system1323.6.3 Fundamentals for the computation of the measuring system1393.6.4 Voltage dividers1473.6.5 Interaction between voltage divider and its lead1633.6.6 The dividers low-voltage arm1713.7 Fast digital transient recorders for impulse measurements1753.7.1 Principles and historical development of transient digital recorders1763.7.2 Errors inherent in digital recorders1793.7.3 Specification of ideal A/D recorder and parameters required for h.v.impulse testing1833.7.4 Future trends195References196Chapter 4Electrostatic fields and field stress control2014.1 Electrical field distribution and breakdown strength of insulating materials2014.2 Fields in homogeneous,isotropic materials2054.2.1 The uniform field electrode arrangement2064.2.2 Coaxial cylindrical and spherical fields2094.2.3 Sphere-to-sphere or sphere-to-plane2144.2.4 Two cylindrical conductors in parallel2184.2.5 Field distortions by conducting particles2214.3 Fields in multidielectric,isotropic materials2254.3.1 Simple configurations2274.3.2 Dielectric refraction2324.3.3 Stress control by floating screens2354.4 Numerical methods2414.4.1 Finite difference method(FDM)242Contentsvii4.4.2 Finite element method(FEM)2464.4.3 Charge simulation method(CSM)2544.4.4 Boundary element method270References278Chapter 5Electrical breakdown in gases2815.1 Classical gas laws2815.1.1 Velocity distribution of a swarm of molecules2845.1.2 The free path?of molecules and electrons2875.1.3 Distribution of free paths2905.1.4 Collision-energy transfer2915.2 Ionization and decay processes2945.2.1 Townsend first ionization coefficient2955.2.2 Photoionization3015.2.3 Ionization by interaction of metastables with atoms3015.2.4 Thermal ionization3025.2.5 Deionization by recombination3025.2.6 Deionization by at