可再生和高效电力系统.pdf

Renewable and EfficientElectric Power SystemsGilbert M.MastersStanford UniversityA JOHN WILEY&SONS,INC.,PUBLICATIONRenewable and EfficientElectric Power SystemsRenewable and EfficientElectric Power SystemsGilbert M.MastersStanford UniversityA JOHN WILEY&SONS,INC.,PUBLICATIONCopyright2004 by John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,New Jersey.All rights reserved.Published by John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in anyform or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,or otherwise,except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act,withouteither the prior written permission of the Publisher,or authorization through payment of theappropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center,Inc.,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923,978-750-8400,fax 978-750-4470,or on the web at .Requests tothe Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,111 River Street,Hoboken,NJ 07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,e-mail:.Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty:While the publisher and author have used their bestefforts in preparing this book,they make no representations or warranties with respect to theaccuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any impliedwarranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.No warranty may be created orextended by sales representatives or written sales materials.The advice and strategies containedherein may not be suitable for your situation.You should consult with a professional whereappropriate.Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any othercommercial damages,including but not limited to special,incidental,consequential,or otherdamages.For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer CareDepartment within the U.S.at 877-762-2974,outside the U.S.at 317-572-3993 orfax 317-572-4002.Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats.Some content that appears inprint,however,may not be available in electronic format.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataMasters,Gilbert M.Renewable and efficient electric power systems/Gilbert M.Masters.p.cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-471-28060-7(cloth)1.Electric power systemsEnergy conservation.2.Electric power systemsElectriclosses.I.TitleTK1005.M33 2004621.31dc222003062035Printed in the United States of America.10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1To the memory of my father,Gilbert S.Masters19102004CONTENTSPrefacexvii1Basic Electric and Magnetic Circuits11.1Introduction to Electric Circuits11.2Definitions of Key Electrical Quantities21.2.1 Charge21.2.2 Current31.2.3 Kirchhoffs Current Law31.2.4 Voltage51.2.5 Kirchhoffs Voltage Law71.2.6 Power71.2.7 Energy81.2.8 Summary of Principal Electrical Quantities81.3Idealized Voltage and Current Sources91.3.1 Ideal Voltage Source91.3.2 Ideal Current Source101.4Electrical Resistance101.4.1 Ohms Law101.4.2 Resistors in Series121.4.3 Resistors in Parallel131.4.4 The Voltage Divider151.4.5 Wire Resistance16viiviiiCONTENTS1.5Capacitance211.6Magnetic Circuits241.6.1 Electromagnetism241.6.2 Magnetic Circuits261.7Inductance291.7.1 Physics of Inductors291.7.2 Circuit Relationships for Inductors331.8Transformers361.8.1 Ideal Transformers371.8.2 Magnetization Losses40Problems442Fundamentals of Electric Power512.1Effective Values of Voltage and Current512.2Idealized Components Subjected to Sinusoidal Voltages552.2.1 Ideal Resistors552.2.2 Idealized Capacitors572.2.3 Idealized Inductors592.3Power Factor612.4The Power Triangle and Power Factor Correction632.5Three-Wire,Single-Phase Residential Wiring672.6Three-Phase Systems692.6.1 Balanced,Wye-Connected Systems702.6.2 Delta-Connected,Three-Phase Systems762.7Power Supplies772.7.1 Linear Power Supplies782.7.2 Switching Power Supplies822.8Power Quality862.8.1 Introduction to Harmonics872.8.2 Total Harmonic Distortion922.8.3 Harmonics and Voltage Notching942.8.4 Harmonics and Overloaded Neutrals952.8.5 Harmonics in Transformers98References99Problems993The Electric Power Industry1073.1The Early Pioneers:Edison,Westinghouse,and Insull1083.2The Electric Utility Industry Today111CONTENTSix3.2.1 Utilities and Nonutilities1113.2.2 Industry Statistics1123.3Polyphase Synchronous Generators1173.3.1 A Simple Generator1183.3.2 Single-Phase Synchronous Generators1193.3.3 Three-Phase Synchronous Generators1213.4Carnot Efficiency for Heat Engines1223.4.1 Heat Engines1233.4.2 Entropy and the Carnot Heat Engine1233.5Steam-Cycle Power Plants1273.5.1 Basic Steam Power Plants1273.5.2 Coal-Fired Steam Power Plants1283.6Combustion Gas Turbines1313.6.1 Basic Gas Turbine1323.6.2 Steam-Injected Gas Turbines(STIG)1333.7Combined-Cycle Power Plants1333.8Gas Turbines and Combined-CycleCogeneration1343.9Baseload,Intermediate and PeakingPo